[39] The plan of personal settlement is distasteful not only to the subordinates, but to the _munshi_ who has charge of the “vernacular files.” Ordinarily he can delay a case, or manipulate it to some extent. The general arrangements for the “revenue” work or assessment of water rates have been stated in Art. 1. In the Punjab the remissions for failed crops are a source of trouble. In some districts the failed areas are small, and no particular trouble arises, but in other districts such areas are often very large. On perennial canals the crop inspection is done by the zilladars, on most of the inundation canals by the subordinates of the District Magistrate.[40] In both cases the amount of labour involved is enormous, and the corruption to which the system gives rise is also enormous. In the case of the inundation canals the superior staff of the District Magistrate nominally make checks, but the time at their disposal is wholly inadequate. In the case of the perennial canals the Canal Engineers are able to exercise considerable checks, but nothing like enough. In fact the state of a crop and the proportion of the charge on it which should be remitted is a difficult thing to judge, even if the subordinates were without guile. It is understood that a new and statesmanlike system is now to be introduced, the District Magistrate deciding, in consultation with the Executive Engineer, whether the season is such as to call for any general remission for each kind of crop, and, if so, to what extent. The proportion to be remitted in that crop is then to be fixed, and it is to be the same for every one. [40] Officially called the “Collector” in some provinces, and “Deputy Commissioner” in others. It has been mentioned that some irrigation is effected by lift. The simplest form of lift is a horizontal pole which rests, not far from its thick end, on a support. From its thick end is suspended a bucket, and from its thin end a weight. A man lifts the thin end so that the bucket then dips into the water and is filled. Pulling down the thin end he raises the bucket and empties it. A greatly improved lifting apparatus is the Persian wheel which is vertical and has slung from it, like the buckets of a dredger but moving vertically, a number of earthen jars, which scoop up the water. As each jar passes over the top of the wheel it assumes a horizontal position, discharges its water into a shoot, and descends in an inverted position. The wheel is moved by a simple cog-wheel arrangement actuated by a bullock which is driven round and round in a circular track. The Persian wheel is used for lifts of any height. The lift from a canal watercourse is a few feet, that from a well may be 50 feet or more.