_Concluding Remarks on St. Helena._--The sketch we have now given of the chief members of the indigenous fauna and flora of St. Helena shows, that by means of the knowledge we have obtained of past changes in the physical history of the earth, and of the various modes by which organisms are conveyed across the ocean, all the more important facts become readily intelligible. We have here an island of small size and great antiquity, very distant from every other land, and probably at no time very much less distant from surrounding continents, which became stocked by chance immigrants from other countries at some remote epoch, and which has preserved many of their more or less modified descendants to the present time. When first visited by civilised man it was in all probability far more richly stocked with plants and animals, forming a kind of natural museum or vivarium in which ancient types, perhaps dating back to the Miocene {309} period, or even earlier, had been saved from the destruction which has overtaken their allies on the great continents. Unfortunately many, we do not know how many, of these forms have been exterminated by the carelessness and improvidence of its civilised but ignorant rulers; and it is only by the extreme ruggedness and inaccessibility of its peaks and crater-ridges that the scanty fragments have escaped by which alone we are able to obtain a glimpse of this interesting chapter in the life-history of our earth. * * * * * {310} CHAPTER XV THE SANDWICH ISLANDS Position and Physical Features--Zoology of the Sandwich Islands--Birds--Reptiles--Land-shells--Insects--Vegetation of the Sandwich Islands--Peculiar Features of the Hawaiian Flora--Antiquity of the Hawaiian Fauna and Flora--Concluding Observations on the Fauna and Flora of the Sandwich Islands--General Remarks on Oceanic Islands.