_Mammalia._--The mammalia of Japan at present known are forty in number; not very many when compared with the rich fauna of China and Manchuria, but containing monkeys, bears, deer, wild goats and wild boars, as well as foxes, badgers, moles, squirrels, and hares, so that there can be no doubt whatever that they imply a land connection with the continent. No complete account of Japan mammals has been given by any competent zoologist since the publication of Von Siebold's _Fauna Japonica_ in 1844, {394} but by collecting together most of the scattered observations since that period the following list has been drawn up, and will, it is hoped, be of use to naturalists. The species believed to be peculiar to Japan are printed in italics. These are very numerous, but it must be remembered that Corea and Manchuria (the portions of the continent opposite Japan) are comparatively little known, while in very few cases have the species of Japan and of the continent been critically compared. Where this has been done, however, the peculiar species established by the older naturalists have been in many cases found to be correct. LIST OF THE MAMMALIA OF THE JAPANESE ISLANDS. 1. _Macacus speciosus._ A monkey with rudimentary tail and red face, allied to the Barbary ape. It inhabits the island of Niphon up to 41deg N. Lat., and has thus the most northern range of any living monkey. 2. _Pteropus dasymallus._ A peculiar fruit-bat, found in Kiusiu Island only (Lat. 33deg N.), and thus ranging further north of the equator than any other species of the genus. 3. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum. The great horse-shoe bat, ranges from Britain across Europe and temperate Asia to Japan. It is the _R. nippon_ of the Fauna Japonica according to Mr. Dobson's _Monograph of Asiatic Bats_. 4. R. minor. Found also in Burma, Yunan, Java, Borneo, &c. 5. Vesperugo pipistrellus. From Britain across Europe and Asia. 6. V. abramus. Also in India and China. 7. V. noctula. From Britain across Europe and Asia. 8. V. molossus. Also in China. 9. Vespertilio capaccinii. Philippine Islands, and Italy! This is _V. macrodactylus_ of the Fauna Japonica according to Mr. Dobson. 10. Miniopterus schreibersii. Philippines, Burma, Malay Islands. This is _Vespertilio blepotis_ of the Fauna Japonica. 11. _Talpa wogura._ Closely resembles the common mole of Europe, but has six incisors instead of eight in the lower jaw. 12. _Talpa mizura._ Guenth. Allied to _T. wogura_.