51. Sparrow-hawk _Accipiter nisus._ 52. Ptarmigan _Tetrao mutus._ 53. Common quail _Coturnix communis._ But even these fifty-three species by no means fairly represent the amount of _resemblance_ between Britain and {398} Japan as regards birds; for there are also thrushes, robins, stonechats, wrens, hedge-sparrows, sedge-warblers, jays, starlings, swifts, goatsuckers, and some others, which, though distinct _species_ from our own, have the same general appearance, and give a familiar aspect to the ornithology. There remains, however, a considerable body of Chinese and Siberian species, which link the islands to the neighbouring parts of the continent; and there are also a few which are Malayan or Himalayan rather than Chinese, and thus afford us an interesting problem in distribution. The seventeen species and sub-species which are altogether peculiar to Japan proper, are for the most part allied to birds of North China and Siberia, but three are decidedly tropical, and one of them--a fruit pigeon (_Treron sieboldi_)--has no close ally nearer than Burmah and the Himalayas. In the following list the affinities of the species are indicated wherever they have been ascertained:-- LIST OF THE SPECIES OF LAND BIRDS PECULIAR TO JAPAN. 1. _Accentor rubidus._ Nearly allied to our hedge-sparrow, and less closely to the Central Asian _A. immaculatus._ (1a. _Hypsipetes amaurotis._ Migrates to the Corea, otherwise peculiar.) 2. _Zosterops japonica._ Allied to two Chinese species. 3. _Lusciniola pryeri._ 4. _Garrulus japonicus._ Allied to the Siberian and British Jays. 5. _Fringilla kawarahiba._ Allied to the Chinese greenfinch. 6. _Emberiza ciopsis._ Allied to the E. Siberian bunting _E. cioides_, of which it may be considered a sub-species. 7. ,, _yessoensis._ A distinct species. 8. ,, _personata._ A sub-species of _E. spodocephala._ 9. _Gecinus awokera._ A distinct species of green woodpecker. 10. _Picus namiyei._ Allied to a Formosan species. 11. _Treron sieboldi._ Allied to _T. sphenura_ of the Himalayas, and to a Formosan species. 12. _Carpophaga ianthina._ A distinct species of fruit-pigeon. 13. _Bubo blakistoni._ Allied to a Philippine eagle-owl. 14. _Scops semitorgues._ A distinct species. 15. _Phasianus versicolor._ A distinct species. 16. ,, _soemmeringi._ A distinct species. 17. ,, _scintillaus._ A sub-species of the last.