Manis dalmanni. Scaly Ant-eater. China and the Himalayas. The most interesting and suggestive feature connected with these Formosan mammals is the identity or affinity of several of them, with Indian or Malayan rather than with Chinese species. We have the rock-monkey of Formosa allied to the rhesus monkeys of India and Burma, not to those of South China and Hainan. The tree civet (_Helictis subaurantiaca_), and the small flying squirrel (_Sciuropterus kaleensis_), are both allied to Himalayan species. Swinhoe's deer and goat-antelope are nearest to Malayan species, as are the red and white-breasted flying squirrels; while the fruit-bat, the wild pig, {404} and the spotted deer are all allied to peculiar Japanese species. The clouded tiger is a Malay species unknown in China, while the Asiatic wild cat is a native of the Himalayas and Malacca. It is clear, therefore, that before Formosa was separated from the mainland the above named animals or their ancestral types must have ranged over the intervening country as far as the Himalayas on the west, Japan on the north, and Borneo or the Philippines on the south; and that after that event occurred, the conditions were so materially changed as to lead to the extinction of these species in what are now the coast provinces of China, while they or their modified descendants continued to exist in the dense forests of the Himalayas and the Malay Islands, and in such detached islands as Formosa and Japan. We will now see what additional light is thrown upon this subject by an examination of the birds. LIST OF THE LAND BIRDS PECULIAR TO FORMOSA. TURDIDAE (Thrushes). 1. _Turdus albiceps._ Allied to Chinese species. SYLVIDIAE (Warblers). 2. _Cisticola volitans._ Allied to _C. schoenicola_ of India and China. 3. _Herbivox cantans._ Sub-species of _H. cantillaus_ of N. China and Japan. 4. _Notodela montium._ Allied to _N. leucura_ of the Himalayas; no ally in China. TIMALIIDAE (Babblers). 5. _Pomatorhinus musicus._ Allies in S. China and the Himalayas. 6. _P. erythroenemis._ Do. do. 7. _Garrulax ruficeps._ Allied to _G. albogularis_ of N. India and East Thibet, not to the species of S. China (_G. sannio_). 8. _Janthocincla poecilorhyncha._ Allied to _J. coerulata_ of the Himalayas. None of the genus in China. 9. _Trochalopteron taivanus._ Allied to a Chinese species. 10. _Alcippe morrisoniana._} Near the Himalayan _A. nipalensis_. 11. _A. brunnea._ } None of the genus in China. 12. _Sibia auricularis._ Allied to the Himalayan _S. capistrata_. The genus not known in China. PANURIDAE (Bearded Tits, &c.). 13. _Suthora bulomachus._ Allied to the Chinese _S. suffusa_. CINCLIDAE (Dippers and Whistling Thrushes). 14. _Myiophoneus insularis._ Allied to _M. horsfieldi_ of South India. {405} PARIDAE (Tits).