Anomalous Relations of Celebes--Physical Features of the Island--Zoological Character of the Islands Around Celebes--The Malayan and Australian Banks--Zoology of Celebes: Mammalia--Probable Derivation of the Mammals of Celebes--Birds of Celebes--Bird-types Peculiar to Celebes--Celebes not Strictly a Continental Island--Peculiarities of the Insects of Celebes--Himalayan Types of Birds and Butterflies in Celebes--Peculiarities of Shape and Colour of Celebesian Butterflies--Concluding Remarks--Appendix on the Birds of Celebes. The only other islands of the globe which can be classed as "ancient continental" are the larger Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico), Iceland, and perhaps Celebes. The Antilles have been so fully discussed and illustrated in my former work, and there is so little fresh information about them, that I do not propose to treat of them here, especially as they fall short of Madagascar in all points of biological interest, and offer no problems of a different character from such as have already been sufficiently explained. Iceland, also, must apparently be classed as belonging to the "Ancient Continental Islands," for though usually described as wholly volcanic, it is, more probably, an island of varied geological structure buried under the lavas of its numerous volcanoes. But of late years extensive Tertiary deposits of Miocene age have been discovered, showing that it is not a mere congeries of {451} volcanoes; it is connected with the British Islands and with Greenland by seas less than 500 fathoms deep; and it possesses a few mammalia, one of which is peculiar, and at least three peculiar species of birds. It was therefore almost certainly united with Greenland, and probably with Europe by way of Britain, in the early part of the Tertiary period, and thus afforded one of the routes by which that intermigration of American and European animals and plants was effected which we know occurred during some portion of the Eocene and Miocene periods, and probably also in the Pliocene. The fauna and flora of this island are, however, so poor, and offer so few peculiarities, that it is unnecessary to devote more time to their consideration.