To our itinerary alone, and the Map, are we indebted for the knowledge of the stations in Scotland: so that we must conclude, he had sight of manuscripts and rolls which were written in that time; whether in the libraries at Rome, or in the monastic libraries of Britain, we know not: but from the same libraries Antoninus’s Itinerary, and the like monuments of learned antiquity, were taken. It would seem that Whittichind, the Saxon author, had seen such like works as our Richard perused; he writes, that Britain was divided into provinces by Vespasian. Richard writes expresly, that he copied some papers transmitted to posterity by a Roman general, who probably was Agricola; he had some informations from certain religious of his order, who had been in Scotland. He learnt what he writes on _Caledonia_, from British merchants. Again, speaking of _Glevum_, Gloucester, he says, it is a Roman colony, constituted by Claudius, _ut scriptores de istis temporibus affirmant_; so that he omitted no kind of means to acquire knowledge of the British geography. _In medio_, _ad fines_, _ad Itunam flu. ad montem Grampium_, _Herirus mons_, _Alpes Pennini_, _ad Pontem_, _ad Murum_, _ad Vallum_; a very great number of these, and the like, being recited, intimate the high antiquity of the Itinerary; that the roads were generally made, or marked out; but towns, cities, castles, not then built, only some inns, for present conveniency. Especially we see this in Scotland, a good way on the sea-coast northerly, and remarkably in the IXth Iter; _ad Tavum_, _ad Æsicam_, _ad Tinam_, _ad Itunam_, _ad montem Grampium_, _ad Selinam_; and in the map these rivers are named, and the Grampian mountain, without a town’s name annexed, as then not fully built; and probably that country was left by the Romans before the towns were built, the Romans having chiefly strong camps by the rivers. We may reasonably hence judge, the original itinerary and map, which our Richard copied, was constructed in Agricola’s time; though afterward additions were made to it. We see likewise this method of nomination used in other more distant parts, as _Herirus mons_ in Wales, _Alpes pennini_ in the mountainous tract of Lancashire. In Iter IV. _Ad Tisam amnem_, _Ad Murum_, _Ad Alaunam flu._ _Ad Tuedam flu._ _Ad Vallum_. In Iter XI. _Ad Alone_, _Ad Sabrinam_, _Tibia amnis_, _Ad Vigesimum lapidem_, &c. In Iter XV. _Ad Lapidem_, _Ad Decimum lapidem_, where only mile-stones are named; and the remains of this manner of denomination are left in the English names _Stoneham_, _Stone_, _Stanefield_, _Stanwic_, _Stanton_, and the like. We learn to correct many words in our geography, which before were not truly wrote: for instance, _Bannavenna_, Towcester, sometimes _Benavona_, _Bennaventa_, which words have no meaning, is really _Isannavaria_, ill placed at Weedon, or rather _Isantavaria_; which words are easily deduced from the British. * * * * *