“I think we have good evidence for the opinion that some phenomenon of rotation is going on in the magnetic field, that this rotation is performed by a great number of very small portions of matter, each rotating on its own axis, this axis being parallel to the direction of the magnetic force, and that the rotations of these different vortices are made to depend on one another by means of some kind of mechanism connecting them. “The attempt which I then made to imagine a working model of this mechanism must be taken for no more than it really is, a demonstration that mechanism may be imagined capable of producing a connection mechanically equivalent to the actual connection of the parts of the electro-magnetic field. The problem of determining the mechanism required to establish a given species of connection between the motions of the parts of a system always admits of an infinite number of solutions. Of these, some may be more clumsy or more complex than others, but all must satisfy the conditions of mechanism in general. “The following results of the theory, however, are of higher value:-- “(1) Magnetic force is the effect of the centrifugal force of the vortices. “(2) Electro-magnetic induction of currents is the effect of the forces called into play when the velocity of the vortices is changing. “(3) Electromotive force arises from the stress on the connecting mechanism. “(4) Electric displacement arises from the elastic yielding of the connecting mechanism.” In studying this part of Maxwell’s work, it must clearly be remembered that he did not look upon the ether as a series of cog-wheels with idle wheels between, or anything of the kind. He devised a mechanical model of such cogs and idle wheels, the properties of which would in some respects closely resemble those of the ether; from this model he deduced, among other things, the important fact that electric waves would travel outwards with the velocity of light. Other such models have been devised since his time to illustrate the same laws. Prof. Fitzgerald has actually constructed one of wheels connected together by elastic bands, which shows clearly the kind of processes which Maxwell supposed to go on in a dielectric when under electric force. Professor Lodge, in his book, “Modern Views of Electricity,” has very fully developed a somewhat different arrangement of cog-wheels to attain the same result. Maxwell’s predictions as to the propagation of electric waves have in recent days received their full verification in the brilliant experiments of Hertz and his followers; it remains for us, before dealing with these, to trace their final development in his hands.