259 See _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xx., Supplement, in which Prof. J. H. Wigmore has undertaken to publish the material discovered by him, with a valuable introduction on the “Administrative and Commercial Institutions of Old Japan.” 260 See Whitney’s “Notes on Medical Progress in Japan,” _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xii., part 4, p. 276. 261 See a description of this process in Kaempfer’s _History of Japan_, and also in Whitney’s “Medical Progress,” _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xii., part 4, p. 289. 262 See Griffis’ _Life of Matthew Calbraith Perry_, p. 296. 263 The term emperor was employed in this letter in accordance with the usage of the Jesuit Fathers, the Dutch writers, and William Adams, all of whom designated the shōgun as emperor, although this term could be properly applied only to the Tennō at Kyōto. _ 264 Official Narrative of the Japan Expedition_, vol. i., p. 80. _ 265 Official Narrative of the Japan Expedition_, vol. i., p. 231. 266 See the _Official Narrative of the Japan Expedition_, vol i., p. 233 _et seq_; also Griffis’ _Life of M. C. Perry_, p. 314 _et seq_; also Bayard Taylor’s _India, China, and Japan_, 1855, p. 411 _et seq_. 267 I have received from Mr. F. S. Conover, who was a member of the Japan expedition as lieutenant of the navy, many interesting details of experiences in Yedo which I have incorporated in my account. 268 “The question of landing by force was left to be decided by the development of succeeding events; it was of course the very last measure to be resorted to, and the last that was to be desired; but in order to be prepared for the worst, the Commodore caused the ships constantly to be kept in perfect readiness, and the crews to be drilled as thoroughly as they are in the time of active war.”—_Japan Expedition_, vol. i., p. 235. 269 See the _Kinsé Shiriaku_, a history of Japan from 1853 to 1869, translated by E. M. Satow, Yokohama, 1876. 270 See Nitobe’s _Intercourse between the United States and Japan_, p. 39. 271 See _Treaties and Conventions between Japan and Other Powers_, p. 735. 272 See the _Constitutional Development of Japan_, by Toyokichi Iyenaga, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins Press, 1891, p. 12. 273 See p. 279. 274 See selections from a pamphlet by a German resident at Yokohama given in Mossman’s _New Japan_, pp. 142, 143, and quoted in Nitobe’s _Intercourse between the United States and Japan_. “The reason the Tycoon breaks his promise is because he cannot keep it, and the reason he cannot keep it, is because he had no right to give it.” 275 See Nitobe’s _Intercourse between the United States and Japan_, p. 59.