the help of illustrations and of language borrowed from modern science. I think that we may consider the most remarkable teachings of the higher Buddhism,--excluding the doctrine of Nirvana, for the reason already given,--to be the following:-- That there is but one Reality;-- That the Consciousness is not the real Self;-- That Matter is an aggregate of phenomena created by the force of acts and thoughts;-- That all objective and subjective existence is made by Karma,-- the present being the creation of the Past, and the actions of the present and the past, in combination, determining the conditions of the future.... (Or, in other words, that the universe of Matter, and the universe of [conditioned] Mind, represent in their evolution a strictly moral order.) It will he worth while now to briefly consider [212] these doctrines in their relation to modern thought, beginning with the first, which is Monism:-- All things having form or name,--Buddhas, gods, men, and all living creatures,--suns, worlds, moons, the whole visible cosmos,--are transitory phenomena.... Assuming, with Herbert Spencer, that the test of reality is permanence, one can scarcely question this position; it differs little from the statement with which the closing chapter of the First Principles concludes:-- "Though the relation of subject and object renders necessary to us these antithetical conceptions of Spirit and Matter, the one is no less than the other to be regarded as but a sign of the Unknown Reality which underlies both."--Edition of 1894.