As regards the first of these effects,--namely, the derangements arising from an absence of bile from the digestive canal, it may be said that if these were the only difficulties with which we had to contend in cases of jaundice from obstruction, they could easily be overcome. For, in the first place, the absence of bile is not attended with any immediate danger, a circumstance which has led to the common belief that the presence of bile is not absolutely essential to life. Experiments on dogs {123} with biliary fistulæ, like those before referred to, as well as cases in the human subject, have proved that life may be sustained, under certain conditions, for a very long period, without bile reaching the intestines. Indeed, the only immediate bad effects which appear to result from its absence, are costive bowels, great flatulence, and extremely offensive stools. The indirect bad results,--namely, loss of flesh, &c., as has been proved by experiments on animals, can be counteracted by giving an additional amount of food; and even the direct results of constipation, flatulence, and foetor, may be overcome by appropriate remedies. The secondary morbid effects, namely, those arising from the accumulation of bile in the ducts, are unfortunately not so easily under control. Could we remove the cause of obstruction, these would, of course, immediately cease. This, however, is seldom in our power, except in the case of gall-stones, the expulsion of which we can aid in various ways. In general, we can very successfully aid the passage of a stone through the ducts by administering an anodyne containing a full dose of the tincture of belladonna, which apparently assists in dilating the duct. Placing the patient in a warm bath is also of service; and when the paroxysms of pain are very severe, the occasional inhalation of the vapor from a couple {124} of drachms of sulphuric ether poured on a handkerchief, made into the form of a cup, is generally attended with great relief. Each of these modes of treatment may be followed either by a brisk emetic, or purgative, in the hope that the efforts of vomiting or purging may hasten the expulsion of the stone, either by the mouth or rectum. It ought never to be forgotten, that the evil results of a gall-stone do not always cease when it has reached the intestinal canal. Even death itself has resulted from the impaction of a gall-stone in the duodenum. When we have any suspicion that the stone is large, our treatment must therefore be continued until its extrusion by the mouth or rectum has been accomplished.