In Astropecten the ambulacral feet have become partly rudimentary, inasmuch as they have lost their terminal suckers (Fig. 44). These Star-fish, therefore, assist themselves in locomotion by the muscular movements of their rays, while they use their suckerless feet to run along the ground somewhat after the manner of centipedes. It is to be noticed, however, that although the feet have lost their suckers, the Star-fish is still able to make them adhere to solid surfaces in a comparatively inefficient manner, by constricting the tube on one side after it has brought this side into opposition with the solid surface (Fig. 45). [Illustration: Fig. 44.--A pedicel of Astropecten (magnified), showing the absence of any terminal sucker.] [Illustration: Fig. 45.--The same, showing the method of extemporizing a sucker.] In the Brittle-stars the ambulacral feet have been still more reduced to rudiments, and are of no use at all, either as suckers or for assisting in locomotion. These Star-fish have, therefore, adopted another method of locomotion, and one which is a great improvement upon the slow crawling of other members of the Star-fish group. The rays of the Brittle-stars are very long, flexible, and muscular, and by their combined action the animal is able to shuffle along flat horizontal surfaces. When it desires to move rapidly, it uses two of its opposite arms upon the horizontal floor with a motion like swimming (Fig. 46); at each stroke the animal advances with a leap or bound about the distance of two inches, and as the strokes follow one another rapidly, the Star-fish is able to travel at the rate of six feet per minute. A common Star-fish, on the other hand, with its slow crawling method of progression, can only go two inches per minute. Some of the Comatulæ, in which the muscularity of the rays has proceeded still further, are able actually to swim in the water by the co-ordinated movements of their rays.[39] [39] In this case the locomotion of a Star-fish comes to be performed on the same plan or method as that of a Jelly-fish--the five rays performing, by their co-ordinated action, the same function as a swimming-bell. It is a curiously interesting fact, that although no two plans or mechanisms of locomotion could well be imagined as more fundamentally distinct than those which are respectively characteristic of these two groups of animals, nevertheless in this particular case and in virtue of special modification, a Star-fish should have adopted the plan or mechanism of a Jelly-fish. [Illustration: Fig. 46.--Natural movements of a Brittle-star when proceeding along a solid horizontal surface.]