Hemlock spruce (_Abies Canadensis_) called _pérusse_ in Canada. In Maine, Vermont, and upper New Hampshire, three fourths of the evergreen woods, the rest being black spruce. Belongs to cold regions; begins to appear about Hudson’s Bay. Its fibre makes the circuit of stocks fifteen or twenty inches in diameter in ascending five or six feet. Old trees have their circles separated, and the boards are _shaky_. Decays rapidly when exposed to the air. It is firmer, though coarser, than the white pine; affords tighter hold to nails. Used in Maine for threshing-floors, resisting indentation. Most common use sheathing of houses, to be covered with clapboards. Used for laths. White cedar (_Cupressus thyoides_). “The perfect wood resists the succession of dryness and moisture longer than that of any other species;” hence for shingles. Larch (_Larix Americana_); in Canada _épinette rouge_; _tamarack_ by the Dutch. Male aments appear before the leaves. Wood superior to any pine or spruce in strength and durability. Used in Maine for knees. Cedar of Lebanon (_Larix cedrus_) largest and most majestic of resinous trees of the Old World and one of the finest vegetable productions of the globe. Cedar Island in Lake Champlain northern limit of red cedar (_Juniperus Virginiana_). Eastward, not beyond Wiscasset. Seeds mature at beginning of fall and _sown at once_; shoot next spring. Gin made from them. Arbor-vitæ (_Thuya occidentalis_), the only species of _Thuya_ in the New World. Lake St. John in Canada its northern limit; abounds between 48° 50´ and 45°. The posts last thirty-five or forty years, and the rails sixty, or three or four times as long as those of any other species. In northern New England States the best for fences; last longer in clay than sand. The superiority of mahogany in the fineness of its grain and its hardness, which make it susceptible of a brilliant polish. Native trees in Northern States used in cabinet making are black, yellow, and canoe birches, red-flowering curled maple, bird’s-eye maple, wild cherry, and sumach. The circle[s] of peck and other measures made at Hingham of black, red, or gray oak are “always of a dull blue color, produced by the gallic acid of the wood acting upon the iron vessel in which it is boiled.” White ash used for sieve rims, rake heads and handles, scythe handles, pulleys, etc. Rake teeth of the mockernut hickory. In New York and Philadelphia “the price [of wood for fuel][168] nearly equals and sometimes exceeds that of the best wood in Paris, though this immense capital annually requires more than 300,000 cords, and is surrounded to the distance of 300 miles by cultivated plains.” Said in book of 1819. _May 19._ Found the _Arum triphyllum_ and the nodding trillium, or wake-robin, in Conant’s Swamp. An ash also in bloom there, and the sassafras quite striking. Also the fringed polygala by Conantum wood. * * * * *