It was impossible not to speculate on the condition of these primitive mountaineers, who have since the dawn of history preserved their independence. Leo Africanus, speaking of the very district now overlooked by us, which he calls Guzula, says that the people were in his day molested by the predatory Arabs and by ‘the lord of Marocco;’ but they successfully resisted all encroachments, and no attempt is now made to assert the Sultan’s authority among them, or to enforce tribute. Something they have doubtless gained in material, and still more in moral, welfare by stubborn resistance to alien rule; but the prosperity that is sometimes attained by tribes subject to the semi-feudal rule of chiefs, and among whom intestine feuds are rooted in immemorial tradition, is usually short-lived. Our hope of getting further knowledge as to the eastern extremity of the Sous valley, and the orographic relations between the Atlas and Anti-Atlas ranges was not to be satisfied. Djebel Tezah, as we found, stands some way north of the axis of the chain, while the great mass that rose over against us between ENE. and ESE., extending to the head of the Aït Mesan valley, sends out massive buttresses to the south, and by these our view of Anti-Atlas was cut off to the SE. On one of these western projecting buttresses, we could distinguish a large village belonging to the district of Tifinout, and standing at an elevation of nearly 7,000 feet. Turning our eyes to the north of true east, many of the higher summits of the [Illustration] chain were seen rising above the intervening ranges, the most distant probably belonging to the Glaoui group, east of Tasseremout. Once more we came to the conclusion, that throughout the portion of the Great Atlas chain visible from the city of Marocco, between the easternmost feeders of the Oued Tensift and those of the Oued Nfys, there are no prominent peaks notably surpassing the average level. Many of them must surpass the limit of 13,000 feet above the sea, but it is not likely that any one attains the level of 13,500 feet. The last object that attracted our attention in the panorama, in a direction about east by north, was an isolated mass, forming a bold promontory on the northern side of the chain, of which a rough outline is here given. When the engrossing interest of the distant view had so far subsided as to let us pay attention to nearer objects, we were struck by the unexpected appearance of considerable remains of dwellings on a platform of level ground, only a few feet below the actual summit of the mountain. About a dozen rude stone dwellings, all in a ruinous condition, with chambers sunk a couple of feet below the level of the ground, and the roofs fallen in, had at some former period been here erected; but we saw no traces of recent occupation. It seemed most probable that they were intended as shelter for herdsmen, who had driven their flocks in summer to this lofty station.