[1]For a brief study of socialism see Thomas Kirkup, _A History of Socialism_ (New York, 1909); John Spargo, _A Summary and Interpretation of Socialistic Principles_ (New York, 1906); Harry W. Laidler, _A History of Socialist Thought_ (New York, 1927). For a more extended study, Donald Drew Egbert and Stow Persons, editors, _Socialism and American Life_ (Princeton, New Jersey, 1952), 2 Vols. [2]A. C. Pigou, _Socialism Versus Capitalism_ (London: Macmillan and Company, 1938), p. 2; Egbert, _op. cit._, I, iii. [3]_Ibid._, 1. [4]Egbert, _Socialism and American Life_, I, Introduction. [5]See also Max Beer, _A History of British Socialism_, London, 1929, I, 160-180; Egbert, _op. cit._, I, 156-172. [6]H. W. Laidler, _Social-Economic Movements_ (Thomas Y. Cromwell, New York, 1946), 98. [7]_Socialism, Utopian and Scientific_ (Chicago: 1914), 74; Egbert, _op. cit._, I, iii. [8]Engels, _op. cit._, 91. [9]This conclusion does not coincide with the discussion in _Socialism and American Life_, I, 215-522 by Daniel Bell. It appears that Bell used an indefensibly wide interpretation of Marxianism to demand so many pages to relate the actions of the followers of Marx. An example, from the viewpoint of this author, may be noted on page 250. The discussion in these two hundred and fifty pages is a splendid story of American Socialism but hardly of Marxian Socialism in America. CHAPTER I [1]D. O. Wagner, _Social Reformers from Adam Smith to John Dewey_ (New York: 1934), 213-239. Harry W. Laidler, _Social-Economic Movements, An Historical and Comparative Survey of Communism, Cooperation, Utopianism: and Other Systems of Reform and Reconstruction_ (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1946), 44-117. For general discussion concerning the period see _Revue des Deux Mondes_, XXIIIe Annee, Seconde serie de la Nouvelle Period, III, No. 1, 1853, 320-345, and especially, 1852, No. 3, 508-545. [2]For a criticism of Fourier’s ideas and system see Mme. C. Coignet, _Victor Considerant, sa Vie, son Oeuvre_ (Paris, France, 1895), 5-9; Frederic Engels, _Socialism, Utopian and Scientific_, translated by Deward Aveling (Chicago, 1914), 63-66; Harry W. Laidler, _A History of Socialist Thought_ (New York, 1927). For a more extensive biography, _La Grande Encyclopedie Nouvelle Biographie Generale depuis les Temps les plus Recules Jusqua nos jours_, XII; Coignet, _op. cit._, 2-5. Fourier’s chief works are _Le Noveau Monde Industrial et Societaire_, 1829; _Traité de l’association Domestiquée Agricole au Attraction Industrielle_, 2 Vols., 1822; _La Theorie des Quarte Mouvements et de Destinées Générales_. For materials on related discussions see A. Grandin, _Bibliographie des Science_, etc. For a biography see F. August Bebel, _Charles Fourier, Sein Leben Und Seine Theorien_ (Stuttgart, 1888).