There are several causes for the prevalent dissatisfaction, of which probably the most potent is the increasing standard of education. Those who take the trouble to compare the education of our industrial classes of to-day with the lack of education of the workers at the beginning of the nineteenth century, as described in some of the first Factory Inspectors’ reports, cannot fail to realize what enormous progress has been achieved; and this progress has—and happily so—given birth to a new vision. One of the first effects of education is to stimulate aspirations for improvement of material conditions, and the social observer generally finds that the first aspirations created in this direction by education are frequently not kept within the bounds which a fuller education and a wider experience ultimately impose. Effect of Bad Environment As, during the decades immediately before the war, the outlook of the workers widened under the influence of education, and especially as a result of the facilities for travel from the towns into the country for holidays and recreation, there has arisen an increasing dissatisfaction with industrial surroundings and home conditions. Nor is that surprising. Owing to the aggregation of factories during the industrial revolution, as near as possible to the centre of towns, and the huddling of houses in crowded, fetid and ill-built courts, as near as possible to the factories, a condition of things grew up, and indeed in many large towns still continues, more than sufficient to cause industrial discontent. Men are told by Socialist proselytizers the plausible story that such a state of things is one of the inevitable concomitants of the capitalistic organization of industry—a statement quite untrue. What caused it was the impotence of municipal organization in those days to control town planning or regulate the construction of streets and erection of houses, and the insufficient development of the social conscience as to the things which ought to be done for the good of the community. Some of our successful leaders of industry have conclusively demonstrated, by the most convincing of tests—viz., the commercial success of their venture—that there is no necessary connection whatsoever between bad industrial environment and the prosperity of their “capitalistic” works. Take for example Lord Leverhulme’s beautiful garden village at Port Sunlight, and many similar model villages connected with other industrial undertakings. Nothing more conduces to industrial contentment than a comfortable home; no one can expect contentment in the occupants of many of the old houses which still disgrace some of our industrial centres, with their leaky roofs, rotten floors, muddy backyards and general structural decay, in which it is impossible to keep things nice, or children tidy, or household effects clean. Our municipalities are doing great work in sweeping away dwellings of this kind. Their final