That industry should provide for its unemployment is obviously reasonable. The taxpayer has no control over industrial conditions, or over the wages which are paid, or the conditions of employment in operation, and in respect of such matters industry is under no responsibility to the taxpayer. Should this provision be made by each industry in particular or by industry as a whole? It would be impossible to form a scheme under which each industry would provide against its own unemployment. There are many industries, ranging from those most highly organized with employers and Trade Unions acting, and accustomed to act, collectively and with some experience of the ratio of their unemployment, down to industries which have no organization whatever nor any collective machinery available for the operation of an insurance fund nor any knowledge of their own unemployment. It is only a highly organized industry that could undertake to provide for its own unemployed, and not all highly organized industries, but merely a selected few—those which are clearly separated off from other industries. To all but the initiated it is surprising how industries are interlocked. If we take, for example, the engineering industry, and industries like iron and steel, nuts and bolts, bicycle parts and innumerable others, there is great interchange of labour, especially unskilled. A large West-end store will be engaged in fifty to sixty different industries. How would its interests in each industry be separated? There is no doubt that it is to the financial advantage of a highly organized clearly demarcated industry to provide for its own unemployment insurance as compared with participation in a State Scheme. Sir Alfred Watson, the Government Actuary, before the Committee of Inquiry on the Labour Exchanges, pointed out the great financial benefit it would be to the principal industries to provide their own unemployment insurance, and referred to the large margin there would be available for the actual costs of the benefits. In a most interesting pamphlet published on “Unemployment Insurance,” Mr. Henry Lesser, the President of the National Federation of Employees Approved Societies, states that in one industrial undertaking employers and employed pay in respect of the National Unemployment Insurance Scheme over £22,000 per year, but that in normal times the persons employed in that particular firm do not receive in the aggregate in unemployment pay more than £800 a year, a case, he says, which may be taken as typical of the whole of the industry in question.