We come to another dangerous and widespread fallacy, the assumed advantage of restricting output. This declares itself in many varied forms. One of the commonest is a definite limitation on the tonnage, or feet lineal or square of the day’s work. When the day’s work is completed the workman, if paid on time, will frequently remain at work, but doing nothing until the “hooter goes.” In other cases if paid on a piece-work basis, the workman will sometimes leave the shop after his day’s work or “stint” is finished. I have investigated cases where workmen coming on at 7 a.m. finished their day’s work and went home by 10.30 or 11 a.m. Other methods of reaching the same end are less open. The operative, instead of finishing his work early and then allowing his machine “to cut air” for the rest of the day, will with nice calculation slow down all day long so as to spin out the allotted day’s work more or less uniformly over the working day. Industrial experience during the war has proved the existence, to an almost inconceivable extent, of this latter method of limiting production. Perhaps I can best illustrate it from some cases within my personal knowledge. In one instance some boys straight from a board school were put on to do a simple operation from which men had been withdrawn for more arduous duty. Working at the men’s piece-prices, they averaged £4. 15_s._ per normal working week against the men’s £2 10_s._ That meant the boys turned out—nor were they any the worse for it physically—almost twice the men’s output. Women I put on to replace men at some simple machining operations made, after a short period of training, £6-£10 per week, against the men’s £4-£5. The women were paid the men’s piece-prices for the operation. In another case men who were working on piece-work, after learning of the announcement of the Minister of Munitions that under no circumstances would piece-prices be “cut,” speeded up their output by 120 per cent. These are only a few selected illustrations out of a large number.[22] They are concrete exemplifications of the appalling extent to which the false doctrine of limiting output is rampant in industry—operative as an active orthodox Trade Union principle.