Anyone acquainted with industry in the United States of America and in England cannot fail to notice one further striking contrast. In the United States of America time- and labour-saving appliances, machines and methods are being continually put into service by employers, and loyally operated by labour. It is recognized as being in the joint interests of them both. It clearly is. Anything that results in a net reduction of output-cost, after allowing for extra interest and depreciation, benefits not merely employers, but also employed. In England, however, workpeople seriously regard time- and labour-saving devices as inimical to their interests, and subversive of trade-rights. It is contended that the introduction of such devices leads to the displacement of labour and to unemployment. In this connection labour has learned nothing from experience. Improved machinery has enormously bettered the worker’s lot. In the United States of America the resultant reduction in output-cost is admittedly the reason for the much higher real wages of American workmen as compared with their English and Scottish confrères. Nor has it led to unemployment in the United States of America. There is no reason why it should do so even temporarily. The introduction of time- and labour-saving appliances is always a gradual process in any factory. Ordinary foresight and organization by an employer ought to enable any men displaced still to be retained in employment. But many English employers have impeded the introduction of labour-saving devices by haggling over the readjustment of piece-rates in respect of the installation of machines giving improved output. The American employer, on the other hand, tries, after allowing for the costs of the new machine, to maintain, as far as possible, the old piece-rates, with the result that the workmen’s daily earnings are increased by its use. The English employer is inclined to think that he is justified in reducing piece-rates so long as the workmen’s daily earnings are maintained. It is unnecessary to point out which policy is most likely to attract the wage-earner to the use of improved machinery. Payment by Results