The Pine trees are observed to be more barren of branches on their north sides; hence the common people know by these trees which way the north lies. The timber lay here in abundance, entirely useless. Brandy is made from the fir, as well as from the berries of mountain ash. About a mile from Pajarim I came to the mountain of Koskesvari, which is very lofty, insomuch that the snowy summits of the Lapland alps are visible from it, though at a very great distance. In this elevated situation the Red Whortle-berry (_Vaccinium Vitis idæa_) assumes a quite different appearance from what is usual, its stems being twice as long, perfectly erect, and not branched. The extremities of the branches of the Spruce-fir bear small yellow cones, which however are nothing else than the leaves deformed, being thicker and shorter than when in their proper state, and of a pale yellow, marked on their inside with two prominent orange-coloured lines. When arrived at maturity, they burst asunder, and discharge an orange-coloured powder, which stains the clothes of those who approach the tree. I conceive these excrescences to be caused by some minute insects. The common people eat them raw as a dainty, like berries. Here also I met with a narrow-leaved _Cirsium_ (_Serratula alpina_), which I had previously noticed in Umoean Lapmark, but it was not then in bloom. Likewise (_Rhamnus_) _Frangula_, _Pinguicula_, Unbranched Quaking-grass (this must have been _Melica nutans_), _Corallorrhiza_, the Narrow-leaved Spotted _Orchis_ (_maculata_), _Geranium_ (_sylvaticum_) with a white flower veined with purple, a purple pistil and blue anthers. The leaves of this last plant were variously divided, the lower in seven lobes, the middle ones in five, the uppermost opposite and sessile, with only three lobes. Two flowers grow on each stalk. Here also I gathered a _Pinguicula_, the fore-part of whose petal was white, the hind-part blue, which is certainly a beautiful as well as singular variety. (See _Fl. Lapp. n. 11._ _P. vulgaris_.) The trees here produce _Usnea arborea_ (_Lichen plicatus_), which the Laplanders apply to excoriations of the feet caused by excessive walking. They line their shoes with this moss, a practice which might with advantage be adopted by soldiers on a march. The Laplanders also line their shoes with grass, consisting of various species of _Carex_, (especially _C. sylvatica_, _Fl. Brit._). This grass they comb with iron or horn combs, bruising it between their hands till it becomes soft and pliable. When dried they cram it into their shoes, and it answers instead of stockings for defending the feet from cold. (See _Fl. Lapp. n. 328_.) After much trouble and fatigue, I at length reached Jockmock, where stands the principal church of this northern district, and where its pastor resides. _June 30._