-------------+-------------+------------------------+------------+------------ |Erasmus | |Geoffroy St.|Charles Buffon |Darwin |Lamarck |Hilaire |Darwin (1761-1778). |(1790-1794). |(1801-1809-1815). |(1795-1831).|(1859). -------------+-------------+------------------------+------------+------------ | | | | All animals |All animals |All organisms arose from|Unity of |Universal possibly |derived from |germs. First germ |organization|tendency to derived from |a single |originated by |in animal |fortuitous a single |filament. |spontaneous generation. |kingdom. |variability type. | |Development from the | |assumed. | |simple to the complex. |Change of | Time, its | |Animal series not |"milieu | great length,| |continuous, but |ambiant," | stated. | |tree-like; graduated |direct. | | |from monad to man; | | Immutability | |constructed the first | | of species | |phylogenetic tree. | | stated and | | |Founded the |Struggle then denied. |Time, great |Time, great length of, |doctrine of |for |length of, |definitely postulated; |homologies. |existence. Nature |definitely |its duration practically| | advances by |demanded. |unlimited. | | gradations, | | | | passing from | |Uniformitarianism of | | one species | |Hutton and of Lyell |Founder of | to another by| |anticipated. |teratology. | imperceptible| | | | degrees. |Effects of |Effects of favorable |His embryo- | |change of |circumstances, such as |logical | Changes in |climate, |changes of environment, |studies | distribution |direct |climate, soil, food, |influenced | of land and |(briefly |temperature; direct in |his | water as |stated). |case of plants and |philosophic | causing | |lowest animals, indirect|views. | variation. | |in case of the higher | | | |animals and man. | | Effects of | | | | changes of | |Conditions of existence | | climate, | |remaining constant, | | direct. | |species do not vary and | |Competition | |vice-versa.