Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, Parts I and II: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Volume 27 Number 3, Publication 1948, 1911Langley, S. P. (Samuel Pierpont)
History
Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, Parts I and II: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Volume 27 Number 3, Publication 1948, 1911
Langley, S. P. (Samuel Pierpont)
Aeronautics; Flight
Before the actual test of the “lift” could be made, it was necessary
to know the exact distance of the vertical center of gravity of
the model and the extra weights from the knife-edge ‹B›. This was
determined by the following method: A known weight was suspended
from the arm ‹AB› at some arbitrarily selected distance from the
point ‹B›. This weight caused the perpendicular arms ‹AB› and ‹DE›
to rotate through an angle, θ, which was measured on the scale ‹KL›.
Knowing, then, the weight on the arm ‹AB›, its point of application,
the weight of the aerodrome suspended on the arm ‹DE›, and the angle
of rotation, it is easy, by a simple application of trigonometric
functions, to determine the distance of the center of gravity of the
model from the point ‹B›.
In a test of Aerodrome No. 6 made on September 23, 1898, the weight
suspended from ‹AB› was 10,000 grammes, its point of application
50 cm., the model was weighted to 20,450 grammes, and the angle of
rotation, θ, was 7° 2′. Letting y equal the distance of the ‹CG› from
‹B›, we may equate the balanced forces thus:
10,000×50 cos 7° 2′ = 20,450׋y› sin 7° 2′
10,000×50 cot 7° 2′ = 20,450‹y›
‹y› = 198.2 cm.
Having determined this distance, the weight on ‹AB› was removed and
the aerodrome was allowed to regain its former position. The distance
of the center of thrust from ‹B› was then measured. The engine was
next started and the number of revolutions of the propellers counted
by a tachometer. The thrust of the propellers, acting perpendicularly
to the arm ‹BD›, produced rotation around the point ‹B›, the angle of
which was measured as above.
In the power test of No. 6, the following data were obtained:
‹W› = weight of aerodrome = 20,450 grammes.
θ = angle of lift = 19° 30′.
Distance of ‹CG› from center of rotation = 198.2 cm.
Distance of center of thrust from center of rotation = 186.3 cm.
As the propeller thrust and the weight of the model are forces acting
in opposite directions at known distances from a center of rotation,
letting ‹L› equal the “dead lift,” we may express the equation thus:
‹W› sin θ×198.2 = ‹L›×186.3,
‹L› = (198.2/186.3)×sin 19° 30′×20,450,
‹L› = 7,263 grammes “dead lift.”
The flying weight of Aerodrome No. 6 was 12,064 grammes, and the per
cent of this weight lifted was, therefore,
7,263/12,064 = 60.3.
This was much more than was necessary for flight, but in order to
insure successful flights and avoid delay, the rule was made in
1895 that no aerodrome was to be launched until it had previously
demonstrated its ability to generate enough power to maintain for at
least two minutes a lift of 50 per cent of the total flying weight.
At the same time other important data were obtained, such as the
steam-pressure, the time required to raise sufficient steam, the
total time of the run, and the general working of the boilers and
engines.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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