=The Anæmia of Lead Poisoning and Saturnine Anæmia.=--From the early days of medicine it has been known that lead produces poverty of the blood, and the white or yellowish-white appearance of persons who have been subjected to long-continued inhalation of lead dust or fumes constitutes striking evidence of blood-alteration. At the same time it is a common fact that the facial pallor does not always go hand in hand with diminution in the hæmoglobin. The conjunctiva may be observed as a test for colour, and here may be seen the curious vaso-motor disturbances which are partially responsible for the facial pallor. Facial pallor in some forms of lead cachexia owes its origin to interference with the nerve-supply to the vessel walls, and it is a noticeable fact that a lead-worker whose face shows unmistakable signs of pallor rapidly flushes when spoken to suddenly or if mentally disturbed. The anæmia of lead poisoning is, however, a very definite fact. All observers are agreed that a marked diminution in the hæmoglobin of the blood takes place, to as low, often, as 35 per cent., without necessitating abstention from work, and without any serious interference with respiration, even when performing heavy manual labour. In persons in whom the hæmoglobin is diminished there is frequently a yellowish or icterous hue of the skin, particularly the conjunctiva, due to staining of the tissues with altered blood-pigment. The hæmoglobin derivative--hæmatoporphyrin--can also be found in the urine of persons suffering from a marked degree of reduction in the blood-pigment, and may be taken as confirmatory evidence of destructive or hæmolytic anæmia. The symptom is, however, a later one than is frequently stated by the French observers, and can only be regarded as a later and confirmatory symptom, and not as an early one of diagnostic importance. As would be expected from the destruction of blood-pigment, the morbid process leaves its imprint upon the individual red cells, and basophile staining of a number of the red corpuscles is to be found in a very large proportion of persons poisoned by lead. Moritz[6] first pointed out that these alterations in the red cells were present in lead poisoning. The basophile granules are by no means confined to lead anæmia, but are to be found in any severe secondary anæmia where hæmolysis has taken place, as in nitrobenzene and aniline poisoning, carbon bisulphide, etc. In addition to the basophile-staining granules in the blood-cells, the whole corpuscle may take on a bluish-grey tint when stained. The best stain to demonstrate these bodies is Leishman’s modification of Romanowski’s, and there is no occasion to stain the blood in the fresh condition, as the presence of the granules may be demonstrated easily, even after two or three months. Schmidt[7] thinks that if the basophile corpuscles reach 100 per million red cells the cause is undoubtedly lead poisoning.