=Sheet Lead and Lead Piping.=--This industry also is not infrequently carried out on smelting premises. To make lead piping, molten refined lead is run into a cylinder containing an adjustable mandrel in its centre. The cylinder is forced by hydraulic pressure against a hollow ram having an adjustable orifice to form the desired thickness of pipe. In the case of sheet lead the thick plates are gradually reduced to the desired thickness by pressure of heavy steel rollers. _Dangers and Prevention._--Little risk attaches to handling the clean sheet lead or drawn lead. Danger is in the early stages. Old oxidized lead piping, lead cisterns, tea lead, old accumulator plates, etc., lie in heaps on the premises. These cannot be handled without generation of dust. When melted and stirred, copious fumes arise, carrying up dust, from which, and from that raised in drossing the surface of the metal, absorption of lead is inevitable unless the melting-pot is fully protected from side-draughts and provided with a hood and duct leading into the main chimney-stack. Doors in front of the hood serve still further to confine the fumes. The skimmings from the pot require to be placed in a receptacle under the hood. Of 109 cases reported in the ten years 1900-1909, operations at the melting-pot accounted for at least 47. We are in agreement with Dixon Mann, who remarks: “Workers in metallic lead do not suffer unless they are frequently in the presence of large quantities of the molten metal, or inhale fine particles of solid lead or its oxide whilst manipulating old metal. Lead, though not usually classed amongst the volatile metals, is capable of volatilization at a high temperature, and in the form of vapour may be taken into the system through the respiratory tract, and also into the stomach. One of the worst cases of chronic lead poisoning I ever saw was that of a man who bought the sheets of lead linings of old tea-chests, and melted them down into pig-lead. He did the work in a small room, without any contrivance for ventilation, and attended to the whole process himself”[10]. =Letterpress Printing.=--In this industry account has to be taken of contact with-- 1. Molten lead in (_a_) casting the type in different kinds of machines, including the monotype and linotype; (_b_) in stereotyping; and (_c_) in recasting into moulds the line or single type after it has been once used, together with débris from the stereo machine and sweepings from the floor. 2. Metallic lead in handling and dressing the type, and subsequent use of it by the compositor. The type metal itself usually consists of--Lead, 75 per cent.; antimony, 23 per cent.; and tin, 2 per cent. During the ten years 1900-1909, 200 cases were reported--92 compositors, 71 stereotype and linotype operators, and 37 in subsidiary processes, mainly in the casting-room. Thus, apparently, operations involving contact with molten metal are more likely to cause lead poisoning than actual handling.