First, those buildings which are strictly Romanesque, excepting only that pointed arches are partially used. Such is the nave of Fountains Abbey. The date of this is unknown; but it was in all probability erected between 1140 and 1150, thus agreeing in age with St. Denis. Next comes Kirkstall Abbey, commenced in 1153, and, though it appears to have taken thirty-three years to complete it, retaining the same character throughout--_purely_ Romanesque--and that of a stern and severe variety, but with the pointed arches to its more important parts. Buildwas Abbey belongs to the same class, commenced probably a few years after the foundation of the abbey in 1135, its earlier parts thus probably agreeing in age with Fountains. [Illustration: Fig. 60.--Kirkstall Abbey, South Transept.] These examples would appear at first sight to date back our transition as early as that of France; but this would scarcely be a fair conclusion, for, without doubt, many French examples of the same kind--mere Romanesque with the larger arches pointed--exist in France of an earlier date than that of Abbot Suger’s work. I will therefore pass over these merely incipient specimens. The next class is the extremely refined Norman, [Illustration: Fig. 61.--Galilee, Durham.] with or without pointed arches--such as the Galilee at Durham, where, though the date is clearly transitional, the ornaments are Norman of a delicate character, very different from Fountains and Kirkstall, and showing a later date. This was the work of the celebrated Bishop Pudsey, the great promoter of the transition in the north. He commenced in 1155 (as I [Illustration: Fig. 62.--St. Mary’s Abbey, York. Vestibule of Chapter House. View from Cloister (restored).] believe) with his chapter-house--a purely Norman work--and closed with the erection of Darlington Church, nearly as purely Pointed;[24] his episcopate spreading over about forty years. Of this class the examples in the north of England are most numerous, but are so intermixed with decidedly Pointed work as somewhat to confuse the classification. It is common, in fact, to find a building nearly purely Pointed, but with doorways of this class; of which there is a notable, but not very early instance, at Jedburgh, where the doorways are perfect gems of refined Norman of the highest class and most artistic finish, while the interior of the church is purely Pointed. [Illustration: Fig. 64.--St. Mary’s Abbey, York. Plan of Vestibule of the Chapter House.]