6. According to papal teaching the Pope alone can remit all sins of all men. Thus Innocent III. says in his letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople.(112) 7. According to papal teaching the Pope is ruler by divine right of Germany and Italy during the vacancy of the Imperial throne, because he has received from God both powers, the spiritual and the temporal, in their fulness (_jura terreni simul et cœlestis imperii_). So John XXII. has declared in his Bull of 1317.(113) On account of this doctrine millions of German and Italian Christians, from 1318 to 1348, were placed under ban and interdict and deprived of the sacraments by the Popes. 8. The Pope by divine right can give whole nations into slavery on account of some measure of their sovereign. Thus Clement V. and Julius II. dealt with the Venetians on account of territorial quarrels, Gregory XI. with the Florentines,(114) and Paul III. with the English on account of Henry VIII.’s revolting from him. 9. The Pope can also give full authority to make slaves of a foreign nation merely because they are not Catholics. Thus Nicolas V. in 1454 authorized King Alfonso of Portugal to appropriate the property of all Mahometans and heathens of Western Africa, and to reduce them to perpetual slavery.(115) Alexander VI. in 1493 gave similar rights to the Kings of Spain over all inhabitants of America, when bestowing on them that quarter of the world with all its peoples.(116) 10. According to papal teaching it is just and in consonance with the Gospel to rob innocent populations, cities, regions, or countries _en masse_, with the sole exception of the infants and the dying, of divine service and sacraments, by an interdict, merely because the Sovereign or Government of the country has violated a papal command or some right of the Church. Innocent III., Innocent IV., Martin IV., Clement V., John XXIV., Clement VI., and others have done so.