Letters to "The Times" upon War and Neutrality (1881-1920)Holland, Thomas Erskine
History
Letters to "The Times" upon War and Neutrality (1881-1920)
Holland, Thomas Erskine
Neutrality; War (International law)
The three-mile distance has, no doubt, become inadequate in consequence
of the increased range of modern cannon, but no other can be substituted
for it without express agreement of the Powers. One can hardly admit the
view which has been maintained, e.g. by Professor de Martens, that the
distance shifts automatically in accordance with improvements in
artillery. The whole matter might well be included among the questions
relating to the rights and duties of neutrals, for the consideration of
which by a conference, to be called at an early date, a wish was
recorded by The Hague Conference, of 1899.
In the meantime it may be worth while to call attention to the view of
the subject taken by a specially qualified and representative body of
international experts. The Institut de Droit International, after
discussions and enquiries which had lasted for several years, adopted,
at their Paris meeting in 1894, the following resolutions, as a
statement of what, in the opinion of the Institut, would be reasonable
rules with reference to territorial waters (I cite only those bearing
upon the extent of such waters):--
"Art. 2.--La mer territoriale s'étend à six milles marins (60
au degré de latitude) de la laisse de basse marée sur tout
l'étendue des côtes. Art. 3.--Pour les baies, la mer
territoriale suit les sinuosités de la côte, sauf qu'elle
mesurée à partir d'une ligne droite tirée en travers de la
baie, dans la partie la plus rapprochée de l'ouverture vers
la mer, où l'écart entre les deux côtes de la baie est de
douze milles marins de largeur, à moins qu'un usage continu
et séculaire n'ait consacré une largeur plus grande. Art.
4.--En cas de guerre, l'état riverain neutre a le droit de
fixer, par la déclaration de neutralité, ou par notification
spéciale, sa zone neutre au dela de six milles, jusqu'à
portée du canon des côtes. Art. 5.--Tous les navires sans
distinction ont le droit de passage inoffensif par la mer
territoriale, sauf le droit des belligérants de règlementer
et, dans un but de défense, de barrer le passage dans la dite
mer pour tout navire, et sauf le droit de neutres de
règlementer le passage dans la dite mer pour les navires de
guerre de toutes nationalités." (_Annuaire de l'Institut_, t.
xiii. p. 329).
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
T. E. HOLLAND.
Oxford, June 1 (1904).
A French decree, of October 18, 1912, accordingly extends, when
France is neutral, her territorial waters to a distance of six
miles (11 kilom.) from low-water mark.
_(Cable-cutting)_
With the letters which follow, compare the article by the
present writer on "Les cables sous-marins en temps de guerre,"
in the _Journal de Droit International Privé_, 1898, p. 648.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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