3. The _Cladonia_ type: a branching sporophore, each branch with sterigmata and oblong spores. 4. The _Squamaria_ type (called by Glück _Placodium_): also a branching sporophore but with long sickle-like bent spores. 5. The _Parmelia_ type: a more complicated system of branching and anastomosing of the sporophores, with oblong spores. 6, and 7. The _Sticta_ and _Physcia_ types: in both of these the sporophores are multi-septate; they consist of a series of radiately arranged hyphae rising from a basal tissue all round the pycnidium. They anastomose to form a network and bud off “spermatia” from the free cells or rather from minute sterigmata. In the _Physcia_ type there is more general anastomosis of the sporophores and frequently masses of sterile cells along with the fertile members occupy the centre of the pycnidium. The spermatia of these and the following _Endocarpon_ type are short cylindrical bodies (Fig. 113 B). [Illustration: Fig. 113 B. 7, _Physcia ciliaris_ DC. × 600; 8, _Endocarpon_ sp. × 600 (after Glück).] 8. _Endocarpon_ type: the pycnidium is filled by a tissue of short broad cells, with irregular hollow spaces lined by fertile cells similar to those of the _Sticta_ and _Physcia_ types. The three last named types of sporophores represent Nylander’s section of arthrosterigmata. Steiner has followed Nylander in also arranging the various forms into two leading groups. The first, characterized by the secondary branch or “sterigma,” he designates “exobasidial”; the second, comprising the three last types in which the spores are borne directly on the cells of the sporophore or on very short processes, he describes as “endobasidial.” Steiner also introduces a new term, _fulcrum_, for the sporophore. The pycnidia in which these different sporophores occur are not, as a rule, characteristic of one family. _Peltigera_ type is found only in one family and the Cladonia type is fairly constant in _Cladoniae_, but “_Psora_” pycnidia are found on very varying lichens among the Lecideaceae, Verrucariaceae and others. The _Squamaria_ type with long bent spores is found not only in _Squamaria_ (Glück’s _Placodium_) but also in _Lecidea_, _Roccella_, _Pyrenula_, etc. _Parmelia_ type is characteristic of many _Parmeliae_ and also of species of _Evernia_, _Alectoria_, _Platysma_ and _Cetraria_. The _Sticta_ type occurs in _Gyrophora_, _Umbilicaria_, _Nephromium_ and _Lecanora_ as well as in _Sticta_ and in one species at least of _Collema_. To the _Physcia_ type belong the pycnidia of most _Physciaceae_ and of various _Parmeliae_, and to the closely related _Endocarpon_ type the pycnidia of _Endocarpon_ and of _Xanthoria parietina_. [Illustration: Fig. 114. Sterile filaments in spermogonia of _Lecidea fuscoatra_ Ach. much magnified (after Lindsay).]