These facts are quite in harmony with other observations on growth made on Epping Forest lichens. The writers[912] of the report record the finding of “fruiting lichens overspreading decaying leaves which can scarcely have lain on the ground more than two or three years; others growing on old boots or on dung and fruiting freely; others overspreading growing mosses.” They also cite a definite instance of a mass of concrete laid down in 1903 round a surface-water drain which in 1910—seven years later—was covered with _Lecanora galactina_ in abundant fruit; and of another case of a Portland stone garden-ornament, new in 1904, and, in 1910, covered with patches of a fruiting _Verrucaria_ (probably _V. nigrescens_). Both these species, they add, have a scanty thallus and generally fruit very freely. A series of observations referring to growth and “ecesis” or the spreading of lichens have been made by Bruce Fink[913] over a period of eight years. His aim was mainly to determine the time required for a lichen to re-establish itself on areas from which it had been previously removed. Thus a quadrat of limestone was scraped bare of moss and of _Leptogium lacerum_, except for bits of the moss and particles of the lichen which adhered to the rock, especially in depressions of the surface. After four years, the moss was colonizing many small areas on which grew patches of the lichen 2 to 10 mm. across. Very little change occurred during the next four years. Numerous results are also recorded as to the rate of growth, the average being 1 cm. per year or somewhat under. The greatest rate seems to have been recorded for a plant of _Peltigera canina_ growing on “a mossy rock along a brook in a low moist wood, well-shaded.” A plant, measuring 10 by 14 cm., was deprived of several large apothecia. The lobes all pointed in the same direction, and the plant increased 1·75 cm. in one year. Two other plants, deprived of their lobes, regenerated and increased from 2 and 5 cm. respectively to 3·5 and 6 cm. No other measurements are quite so high as these, though a plant of _Parmelia caperata_ (sterile), measuring from 1 to 2 cm. across, reached in eight years a dimension of 10 by 13 cm. Other plants of the same species gave much slower rates of increase. A section of railing was marked bearing minute scattered squamules of _Cladonia pityrea_. After two years the squamules had attained normal size and podetia were formed 2 to 4 mm. long.