Cortex fastigate, of palisade hyphae. Spores colourless. Hypothecium black-carbonaceous. Apothecia round. Thallus fruticose 1. Roccella DC. Thallus crustaceous-fruticose 2. *Roccellina Darbish. Apothecia lirellate 3. *Reinkella Darbish. Hypothecium colourless. Gonidia present under the hypothecium 4. *Pentagenella Darbish. Gonidia absent from hypothecium 5. *Combea De Not. Spores brown or brownish. Medulla of parallel somewhat loose hyphae 6. *Schizopelte Th. Fr. Medulla solid, black 7. *Simonyella Steiner. Cortex fibrous, of parallel hyphae. Apothecia round. Hypothecium black-carbonaceous. Apothecia with thalline margin 8. *Dendrographa Darbish. Apothecia with proper margin 9. *Roccellaria Darbish. Hypothecium colourless 10. *Darbishirella A. Zahlbr. Apothecia lirellate 11. *Ingaderia Darbish. SUBSERIES 3. =Cyclocarpineae= This last subseries includes the remaining twenty-nine families of Ascolichens. They are very varied both in the fungal and the algal symbionts. The fruit is more or less a discoid open apothecium. The gonidia belong to different genera of Myxophyceae and Chlorophyceae, but the most frequent are Protococcaceae. Families are based largely on thalline structure. XXIII. _LECANACTIDACEAE_ By many systematists this family is included under Graphidineae on account of the fruit structure which in some of the forms is carbonaceous and almost lirellate, and also because the algal symbiont is _Trentepohlia_. The thallus is primitive, being thinly crustaceous and non-corticate; the apothecium has a black carbonaceous hypothecium in two of the genera, _Lecanactis_ and _Schismatomma_ (_Platygrapha_); in the third genus, _Melampydium_, it is colourless. The latter is monotypic, and the spores become muriform. In the other genera they are elongate and multi-septate. Apothecia with prominent proper margin 1. Lecanactis Eschw. Apothecia with thin proper margin 2. *Melampydium Müll.-Arg. Apothecia with thalline margin 3. Schismatomma Flot. XXIV. _PILOCARPACEAE_ A small family with but one genus, _Pilocarpon_. It is distinguished as one of the few epiphyllous genera of lichens associated with Protococcaceous gonidia and with a distribution extending far beyond the tropics. The best known species, _P. leucoblepharum_, encircles the base of pine-needles with a white felted crust, or inhabits coriaceous evergreen leaves. Another species lives on fern leaves. The fruit is a discoid apothecium with a dark carbonaceous hypothecium and proper margin, and with a second thalline margin. The paraphyses are branched and interwoven above. Spores elongate, 3-septate, colourless 1. Pilocarpon Wain.