In the southern counties such species as _Sticta aurata_, _S. damaecornis_, _Phaeographis Lyellii_ and _Lecanora_ (_Lecania_) _holophaea_ belong to the flora of the Atlantic seaboard, while in S.W. Ireland the tropical genera _Leptogidium_ and _Anthracothecium_ are each represented by a single species. The tropical or subtropical genus _Coenogonium_ occurs in Great Britain and in Germany, with one sterile species, _C. ebeneum_. _Enterographa crassa_ is another of our common western lichens which however has travelled eastwards as far as Wiesbaden. _Roccella_ is essentially a maritime genus of warm climates: two species, _R. fuciformis_ and _R. fucoides_, grow on our south and west coasts. The famous _R. tinctoria_ is a Mediterranean plant, though it is recorded also from a number of localities outside that region and has been collected in Australia. In the temperate zones of the southern hemisphere are situated the great narrowing projections of South Africa and South America with Australia and New Zealand. As we have seen, the Antarctic flora prevails more or less in the extreme southern part of America, and the similarity between the lichens of that country and those of New Zealand is very striking, especially in the fruticulose forms. There is a very abundant flora in the New Zealand islands with their cool moist climate and high mountains. Churchill Babington[1084] described the collections made by Hooker. Stirton[1085] added many species, among others _Calycidium cuneatum_, evidently endemic. Later, Nylander[1086] published the species already known, and Hellbom[1087] followed with an account of New Zealand lichens based on Berggsen’s collections; many more must be still undiscovered. Especially noticeable as compared with the north, are the numbers of Stictaceae which reach their highest development of species and individuals in Australasia. They are as numerous and as prominent as are Gyrophoraceae in the north. A genus of Parmeliaceae, _Hetorodea_, which, like the _Stictae_, bears cyphellae on the lower surface, is peculiar to Australia. A warm current from the tropical Pacific Ocean passes southwards along the East Coast of Australia, and Wilson[1088] has traced its influence on the lichens of Australia and Tasmania to which countries a few tropical species of _Graphis_, _Chiodecton_ and _Trypethelium_ have migrated. Various unusual types are to be found there also: the beautiful _Cladonia retepora_ (Fig. 71), which spreads over the ground in cushion-like growths, with the genera _Thysanothecium_ and _Neophyllis_, genera of Cladoniaceae endemic in these regions.