[1] The prefaces of Tyrrell and Purser, and the brief biographies of Strachan-Davidson and of Boissier are models of sane judgment regarding Cicero’s political behavior. [2] Throughout his life Cicero found no good word for Cinna, though he was fair enough to democracy to praise the Gracchans even during Sulla’s ascendancy, _De Invent._ 1. 5. [3] _Pro Roscio_, 136. [4] _In Caecil._, 70; _In Verr._ i. 37; iii, 81; _Pro Caec._ 69; _Pro Cluent._ 151; _In Toga Cand._, ed. Stengl., 68; _Lex Agr._ ii. 81. [5] _Pro Cluent._, 151; _In Toga Cand._ 69; _Lex Agr._ ii, 10; 31; _Pro Rab._ 14, 15. In the days of his most pronounced sympathy for the senate he refers to the Gracchi with less deference and at times goes so far as to justify their execution. [6] _De Imperio Cn. Pompei._ [7] _Ad Att._ i. 4; Plut. _Cic._ 9. [8] _Pro Corn._ ed. Stengl. p. 57. [9] Hardy (_Jour. Phil._ XXXIV, 16) denies that the question of the senate’s _auctoritas_ was at stake in this trial, since Sallust’s _Catiline_ and Caesar’s _Bell. Civ._ admit the constitutionality of the _Sen. Cons. Ult._ But Sallust and Caesar wrote almost twenty years later, after Caesar had packed the senate for use in any measure he chose. The question was then no longer of any importance. Cicero’s speech, _Pro Rabirio_, definitely says that the issue at stake was the senate’s authority. [10] E. Meyer, _Caesars Monarchie_: a thesis questioned by Heinze. Sabine and Smith, _Cicero on the Commonwealth_ (1929), keep their attention too closely to the Greek sources. [11] _Ad. Att._ viii. 11. [12] He does, however, not use those terms: cf. _Fam._ xi. 6: _adpetam huius rei principatum_; _Fam._ xii, 24, 2 (Jan. 43): _me principem senatui populoque Romano professus sum_; _Fam._ x. 28: _totem rem publicam sum amplexus_. [13] _De Prov. Proc._ 38 ff. [14] See C. W. Keyes, “Original Elements in Cicero’s Ideal Constitution,” _Am. Jour. Phil._, 1921, 309 ff. A part of the _De Leg._ was written before Pompey’s death. [15] The senate, though not a representative body, had voted all tax bills before the tribute was abandoned in 167 B.C. There is little doubt that the Gracchi would have altered this illogical procedure if the tribute had remained in their day. In 43 Cicero probably followed the only ancient precedent there was without considerations of political theory. [16] Cic. _Phil._ x. 17: _legem comitiis centuriatis ex auctoritate nostra laturus est_ (Vibius Pansa). [17] _De Natura Deor._ i. 3, written during the summer of 45. [18] On Cicero’s use of Gloria see _Pro Rabirio_, 29-30; _Pro Archia_, 28; _Pro Sestio_, 47; _Ad Att._ ii, 5. Late in life Cicero wrote a treatise in two books on this subject. [19] George Eliot used as a motto for her poem on this theme the very words of Cicero written when he proposed to erect the shrine to Tullia: _longumque illud tempus cum non ero_, _Att._ xii. 18. [20] Warde Fowler, _Religious Experience_, 385, has seen the significance of this experience.