[2] Hemingford says, that there were _fifty thousand slain_, many drowned, and _three hundred thousand foot_ taken prisoners, besides a thousand horsemen. [3] Hist. Lib. iv. c. 15. [4] Appendix to Blair’s Relationes in the Library of the College of Glasgow. [5] Scottish Historical Library, p. 68. quarto ed. [6] In England, Thomas à Becket conceded to Henry II., that, in the event of a bondsman becoming a clerk, he should not receive orders without the consent of his lord; and further, if a man of holy church held any lay-fee, he must do the King’s service thereto attached, except in cases connected with the execution of criminals. See _Hearne’s_ Glossary to Langtoft’s Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 530. [7] Macpherson’s Annals of Commerce, vol. i. p. 324. [8] Fordun, vol. ii. lib. x. cap. 42. [9] Fordun, vol. ii. lib. x. cap. 42.--If we compare the following provisions of an act put forth by Edward I., with the above-mentioned enactment, some idea may be formed respecting the views entertained by the two British monarchs, on the subject of foreign commercial intercourse. “It is ordained, that no fishmonger shall have any partnership with a stranger who brings fish from sea to the city; but let them seek for fish in their _own_ ships, and permit foreigners to bring it and sell, when they come in their own ships. Because, by such partnerships, they who are of the city, and have known the state of the city, and the defect of victuals, will hold the fish at a dearer rate than foreigners, who shall not have known it; and also, that they who are of the city, when they cannot sell, as they will lay it up in cellars, and sell it _dearer than the strangers would do, if they came without partnership, and knew not where they might be harboured_.”--Lambert’s Historical Survey of London, vol. i. p. 156, 157. [10] Fœdera, vol. i. p. 467. [11] Torfæi Orcades, lib. i. cap. 4. [12] Chron. of Lanercoste. See Macpherson’s Annals of Commerce, vol. i. p. 446. In 1282, the customs of England were farmed by Bonricini, Guidicon & Co. of Lucca, and the sum realized, from Easter 1281 till Easter 1282, netted 8411_l._ 19s. 11½d. The money, it may be observed at this time, was the same in both countries. _Madox, History of the Exchequer_, c. 23. fo. 1. [13] The use of coal as fuel was very early known in Scotland. By a charter, dated in April 1291, William de Obervill granted liberty to the monks of Dunfermline, to dig coal for their own use in his lands of Pittencrieff, but upon no account to sell any, (Chart. in Statist. Account of Scotland, vol. xiii. p. 469.) By this restriction, it would seem that the proprietor not only set a value on the sale of coal, but also that the monks of those days were in the habit of improving their resources, by trafficking in temporal as well as in spiritual matters.