[267] See Legge's _Chinese Classics_ (2nd. ed.), vol. i. p. 100. [268] Sir Robert Douglas, _Confucianism and Taouism_ (5th ed.), p. 146. [269] This would certainly have been Montaigne's view. See, for a very apposite passage, _Essays_, Bk. iii, ch. i. [270] This is Legge's translation of _Lun Yü_ i. 8. The doctrine is repeated in ix. 24. Cf. also _Lun Yü_ ii. 22 and many other passages in this and other Confucian books. [271] Sir Robert Douglas, _op. cit._ p. 114. [272] "Confucianism," in _Great Religions of the World_, p. 26. See also Prof. Giles's _Chinese Literature_, p. 48, and Wylie's _Notes on Chinese Literature_ (1902 ed.), p. 82. [273] See pp. 108 _seq._ [274] _Principles of Ethics_, i. 402. Herbert Spencer goes on to refer to 1 Kings xxii. 22, Ezekiel xiv. 9, Genesis xxvi. 12, and also to the Jacob and Esau incident and to the occasion "when Jeremiah tells a falsehood at the king's suggestion." The Rev. A. W. Oxford, writing on ancient Judaism, reminds us that "Jehovah protects Abraham and Isaac after they have told lies, and punishes the innocent foreigner." _Religious Systems of the World_ (8th ed.), p. 60. [275] _Herodotus_, translated by G. C. Macaulay, vol. i. pp. 69-70. [276] Herbert Spencer, _op. cit._ vol. i. pp. 403-4. [277] Both cases are cited by Herbert Spencer, _op. cit._ p. 405. That philosopher argues that "it is the presence or absence of despotic rule which leads to prevalent falsehood or prevalent truth." [278] Prof. Legge evidently took the view that truthfulness belonged only to Christians. He states that a love of truth can only be maintained, and a lie shrunk from with shame, through "the living recognition of a God of truth, and all the sanctions of revealed religion." (_Chinese Classics_, vol. i. p. 101.) By "revealed religion" Legge means, of course, Christianity. It would be interesting to know how he would have accounted for truthfulness among numerous non-Christian races of our own time or among such people as the ancient Persians. Perhaps as regards the latter case he would have done it by denying the capacity of a Greek (especially of a Greek who has been described as the "father of lies") to judge of truthfulness! Prof. Martin in _The Lore of Cathay_ (p. 177) says that while Confucius's writings (presumably he means his recorded sayings) "abound in the praise of virtue, not a line can be found inculcating the pursuit of truth." This is an amazing misstatement: let us hope it was written inadvertently. A third missionary, Dr. Wells Williams, makes statements regarding the character and morals of the Chinese people that are so grossly unfair as to be almost unreadable [_Middle Kingdom_, vol. i. pp. 833-6 (1883 edition)]. Mr. Arthur Davenport in his _China from Within_ (T. Fisher Unwin, 1904) quotes from a missionary's letter which appeared in _China's Millions_ (a missionary publication) in February 1903. "What a mass of evil the missionary in China has to contend with!...