and when he does remove them nothing will be seen but a narrow red line without a trace of suppuration. These improved methods not only preserve the mother for her children, and the bread-winner for the family, but they greatly contribute to the public good by shortening the period of enforced idleness and unproductivity after operations. Some of the greatest triumphs of modern surgery are obtained in cases of disease or injury of the abdominal organs. The removal of ovarian and uterine tumours is now so common and successful that it is not easy to realize that a hundred years ago there was practically no help or hope for such cases. In former days, the lists of deaths contained many cases reported as inflammation or obstruction of the bowels, or as peritonitis. It is now well understood that most of these cases are due to disease of a little worm-like appendix connected with the large intestine on the right side of the lower part of the abdomen, inflammation of which, known as appendicitis, causes excruciating pain, and often produces internal abscesses and death. An operation for the removal of such a diseased appendix is now common, and in most cases successful. The operation for the removal of calculus, or stone, from the urinary bladder dates from over twenty-five hundred years ago, and no one knows who first performed it. Within the last century it has been largely superseded by an operation which crushes the stone to powder within the bladder, and removes this powder without the use of the knife. The removal of calculi from the kidney or from the gall bladder, and the removal of a diseased kidney, are new operations, made possible by improved means of diagnosis, anæsthesia, and antisepsis [determining disease, causing insensibility, and excluding microbes]. Wounds of the intestines were formerly thought to be almost necessarily fatal, and nothing was done for them except to stupify the patient with opium. Now in such cases the abdomen is opened, the lacerations of the bowel are closed, the effused blood and other matters are removed, and in many cases life has thus been preserved.