Order II. CALCARIAE. Originating from animal earth; penetrable by fire, and becoming more porous, their powder mealy; and when burnt, they fall into a fine powder; as limestone, marble, gypsum. Order III. ARGILLACEAE. Originating from the viscid sediment of the sea, becoming harder and stiffer in the fire, their powder unctuous before exposure to fire; as serpentine, asbestus, mica. Order IV. ARENATAE. Originating from precipitation caused by rain-water, when struck with steel emitting sparks, very hard, their powder rough and angular like bits of glass; as quartz, jasper, flint. Order V. AGGREGATAE. Originating from a mixture of the foregoing, and therefore participating their constituent particles; their powder differing accordingly; as granite, puddingstone. Class II. MINERAE, MINERALS. Fertile stones, originating from a saline principle by crystallization; compound, as produced from a stony substance (of the preceding class), impregnated by salt, sulphur, or mercury, intimately soluble in an appropriate menstruum, and crystalline. Order I. SALIA, _Salts_. To be distinguished by the taste, soluble in water; as rock-salt, alum, borax. Order II. SULPHURA, _Sulphureous Minerals_. Distinguishable by smell, emitting an odour and flaming under the action of fire, soluble in oil; as amber, naphtha, pyrites. Order III. METALLA, _Metallic Minerals_. Distinguishable by good eyes! very heavy, fusible, soluble in appropriate acid menstrua; as molybdaena, lead, gold, and copper. Class III. FOSSILIA, FOSSILS. Ambiguous stones, originating from modifications of the substances included in the preceding classes. Order I. PETRIFICATA, _Petrifactions_. Impressed with the form of some natural object, as,-- _Zoolithus_, the petrifaction of an animal of the class Mammalia. _Ornitholithus_, a petrified bird. _Amphibiolithus_, a petrified frog, snake, &c. _Ichthyolithus_, a petrified fish. _Entomolithus_, a petrified insect or crab. _Helmintholithus_, of the class vermes, including shells. _Phytolithus_, vegetable petrifactions. _Graptolithus_, resembling figures produced by painting; as florentine and landscape marble. Order II. CONCRETA, coagulated from particles agglutinated at random; as urinary and salivary calculi; tartar of wine; pumice, formed by fire; stalactite, formed by air; tophus, produced under water, as oolite. Order III. TERRAE, _Earths_. Pulverized, their particles loose; as ochre, sand, clay, and chalk.