The study of the natural sciences trains and confirms the mind in a habit of good reasoning, which is the surest preservative against paralogism, as long as the terms in use are, like those of science, well defined; and where they are ill defined, so that it is necessary to guard against ambiguity, a thorough training in politics or metaphysics may be useful. Logic seems to me to serve, in some measure, both these purposes. The conduct of business, or experience, a sufficient time being granted, is indeed the best teacher, but also the most austere and expensive. In the seventeenth century some of the greatest philosophers wrote _de intellectus emendatione_; and if their successors have given over this very practical inquiry, the cause of its abandonment is not success and satiety but despair. Perhaps the right mind is not to be made by instruction, but can only be bred: a slow, haphazard process; and meanwhile the rogue of a sophist may count on a steady supply of dupes to amuse the tedium of many an age. FINIS. QUESTIONS _The following questions are chiefly taken from public examination papers: Civil Service_ [S], _Oxford_ [O], _Cambridge_ [C], _London_ [L]. I. TERMS, ETC. 1. What is a Term? Explain and illustrate the chief divisions of Terms. What is meant by the Connotation of a Term? Illustrate. [S] 2. "The connotation and denotation of terms vary inversely." Examine this assertion, explaining carefully the limits within which it is true, if at all. [S] 3. Exemplify the false reasoning arising from the confusion of Contrary and Contradictory Terms. [S] 4. Discuss the claims of the doctrine of Terms to be included in a Logical System. Distinguish between a General and an Abstract Term. [S] 5. Explain and illustrate what is meant by the Denotation and Connotation of a Term. What terms have both, and what have one only? [S] 6. Distinguish between Abstract and Concrete Names. To which of these classes belong (a) adjectives, (b) names of states of consciousness? Are any abstract names connotative? [S] 7. Distinguish between (a) Proper and Singular Terms, (b) Negative and Privative, (c) Absolute and Relative. Illustrate. 8. What connection is there between the Connotation and the Relativity of Names? 9. Examine the logical relations between the following pairs of terms: (a) happy and happiness; (b) happy and unhappy; (c) 'the juryman' and 'the jury'; (d) parent and offspring. Explain the technical words used in your answer. [C] 10. Distinguish between _name_; _part of speech_; _term_: and illustrate by reference to the following--use, useful, usefully. [C] 11. Describe the nature of _Collective_ terms; examine in particular any difficulties in distinguishing between these and general or abstract terms. [C] 12. Distinguish between _positive_, _negative_, and _privative_ names. Of what kind are the following, and why--parallel, alien, idle, unhappy? What ambiguity is there in the use of such a term as "not-white"? [C]