In actual debate examples are produced to disprove a universal
assertion, affirmative or negative. Suppose it is maintained that
every wise man has a keen sense of humour. You doubt this: you
produce an instance of the opposite, say Milton. The force of your
contradictory instance is not increased by exhibiting the argument in
syllogistic form: the point is not made clearer.
The Third Figure was perhaps of some use in Yes and No Dialectic.
When you had to get everything essential to your conclusion definitely
admitted, it was useful to know that the production of an example to
refute a generality involved the admission of two propositions. You
must extract from your opponent both that Milton was a wise man, and
that Milton had not a keen sense of humour, before you could drive him
from the position that all wise men possess that quality.
_Examples for Analysis._
Scarlet flowers have no fragrance: this flower has no fragrance: does
it follow that this flower is of a scarlet colour?
Interest in the subject is an indispensable condition of learning
easily; Z is interested in the subject: he is bound, therefore, to
learn easily.
It is impossible to be a good shot without having a steady hand: John
has a steady hand: he is capable, therefore, of becoming a good shot.
Some victories have been won by accident; for example, Maiwand.
Intemperance is more disgraceful than cowardice, because people have
more opportunities of acquiring control of their bodily appetites.
"Some men are not fools, yet all men are fallible." What follows?
"Some men allow that their memory is not good: every man believes in
his own judgment." What is the conclusion, and in what Figure and Mood
may the argument be expressed?
"An honest man's the noblest work of God: Z is an honest man":
therefore, he is--what?
Examine the logical connexion between the following "exclamation"
and "answer": "But I hear some one exclaiming that wickedness is not
easily concealed. To which I answer, Nothing great is easy."
"If the attention is actively aroused, sleep becomes impossible: hence
the sleeplessness of anxiety, for anxiety is a strained attention upon
an impending disaster."
"To follow truth can never be a subject of regret: free inquiry does
lead a man to regret the days of his childish faith; therefore it is
not following truth."--_J. H. Newman._
He would not take the crown: Therefore 'tis certain he was not
ambitious.
As he was valiant, I honour him; as he was ambitious, I slew him.
The Utopians learned the language of the Greeks with more readiness
because they were originally of the same race with them.
Nothing which is cruel can be expedient, for cruelty is most revolting
to the nature of man.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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