If all the manifestations were to be attributed to the intelligence of others and none to the animal, we should have to accept the supposition of an absolutely _mechanical_ automatism in the animal itself of the type suggested by Neumann (8)[29] as the result of his experiments with Rolf, when, for instance, the dog mechanically kept on tapping an unlimited number of times on the cardboard, which Neumann held out to it without, as far as possible, moving it. [29] NOTE.--The numbers in the text refer to the Bibliography at the end. This negative result of Neumann's is capable of various possible explanations, and in no way gives any clear indication (just because it is negative) as to how a positive result is at all possible; that is, we cannot conclude from it any better than before, whether the apparently "mechanical" behaviour of the animal was intentional, and therefore whether the animal itself could or could not have behaved otherwise; whether, given the impossibility of the animal behaving differently, we should say that this impossibility was absolute or only happened to occur on this occasion; whether perchance the action of some psychical factor unknown to Neumann between the animal and himself may not have been omitted; and whether such factor was not in operation when the animal was working with its late mistress, etc., etc. In this connexion I feel it incumbent upon me to recall that I myself saw Rolf on two or three occasions behave in this same apparently mechanical way with his mistress (Mrs. Moekel) (II), whose annoyance thereat seemed so real that I felt certain that it was not feigned. From Neumann's point of view this would be incomprehensible--since he makes use of the argument from the supposed absolute automatism under the impression that it had taken place in Rolf with _him_, Neumann, alone, _but not_ with the Moekels. Here, then, it is clear that the intelligence is, or at least that it is also, "in others."