Lord Kelvin: An account of his scientific life and workGray, Andrew
Science
Lord Kelvin: An account of his scientific life and work
Gray, Andrew
Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron, 1824-1907
experimentally in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz, it was thus that he was able
to demonstrate that they travelled with the velocity of light.
Thomson suggested that double, triple and quadruple flashes of lightning
might be successive flashes of an oscillatory discharge. He also pointed
out that if a spark-gap were included in a properly arranged condenser
and discharging wire, it might be possible, by means of Wheatstone's
revolving mirror, to see the sparks produced in the successive
oscillations, as "points or short lines of light separated by dark
intervals, instead of a single point of light, or of an unbroken line of
light, as it would be if the discharge were instantaneous, or were
continuous, or of appreciable duration."
This anticipation was verified by experiments made by Feddersen, and
published in 1859 (_Pogg. Ann._, 108, 1859). The subject was also
investigated in Helmholtz's laboratory at Berlin, by N. Schiller, who,
determining the period for condensers with different substances between
the plates, was able to deduce the inductive capacities of these
substances (_Pogg. Ann._, 152, 1874). [The specific inductive capacity
of an insulator is the ratio of the capacity of a condenser with the
substance between the plates to the capacity of an exactly similar
condenser with air between the plates.]
The particular case of non-oscillatory discharge obtained by supposing C
and Q both infinitely great and to have a finite ratio V (which will be
the potential, p. 34, of the charged plate), is considered in the paper.
The discharging conductor is thus subjected to a difference of potential
suddenly applied and maintained at one end, while the other end is kept
at potential zero. The solution of the differential equation for this
case will show how the current rises from zero in the wire to its final
steady value. If c be put as before for the current -dQ⧸dt, and the
constant value V for Q⧸C, the equation is
L(dc⧸dt) + Rc = V
which gives, since c = 0 when t = 0,
c = (V⧸R)[1 - e^{-(R⧸L)t}].
Thus, when an infinite time has elapsed the current has become V⧸R, the
steady value.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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