or sub-tenants), and must reserve in his own hands sufficient lands out of the proceeds of which to fulfil them. The final solution of the problem, here temporarily disposed of, was contained in the Statute commonly known as _Quia Emptores_,[264] which allowed the tenant to dispose of parts of his estate by way of substitution, while forbidding subinfeudation entirely. ----- Footnote 264: 18 Edward I., also known as Westminster III. ----- Chapter 43 marks the growing hostility against the accumulation by the monasteries of wealth in the form of landed estates, and begins the series of legislative measures which culminated in the Statute of Mortmain.[265] The times were not ripe in 1217 for a final solution of this problem, and the charter of that year contented itself with an attempt to remedy one of the subsidiary abuses of the system merely, and not to abolish the main evil. An ingenious expedient had been devised by lawyers to enable tenants to cheat their lords out of some of the lawful feudal incidents. Religious houses formed one species of corporation, and all corporations made bad tenants, since, as they never died, the lord of the fief was deprived of the possibility of a wardship, relief, or escheat falling to him. This was a hardship; but it was not unfair, provided that the transaction which made the abbey or monastery owner of the subjects was a _bona fide_ one. Sometimes, however, more or less collusive agreements were made between a lay free-holder and a religious house whereby a new link was inserted in the feudal chain to the prejudice of the freeholder’s lord. The freeholder bestowed his lands on a particular house, which took his place as the new tenant of the lord and then subinfeudated the same subjects to the original tenant, who thus got his lands back again, but now became tenant of the church, not of his former lord. The lord was thus left with a corporation for his tenant and lost all the profitable incidents, which would, under the new arrangement, accrue to the church when the freeholder died. Such expedients were prohibited, under pain of forfeiture, by chapter 43 of the re-issue of 1217; and this prohibition was interpreted very liberally by the lords in their own favour.[266] ----- Footnote 265: 7 Edward I., also known as the Statute _de religiosis_. Footnote 266: See Pollock and Maitland, I. 314. ----- These were the main alterations made in 1217 in the tenor of the Great Charter.[267] This re-issue is of great importance, since it represents practically the final form taken by the Charter, only two changes being made in subsequent issues.[268] On the 22nd February, 1218, copies of the Great Charter in this new form were sent to the sheriffs to be published and enforced. In the writs accompanying them, the special attention directed to the clause against unlicensed castles shows the importance attached to their demolition.[269] ----- Footnote 267: