Clark _vs._ Barnard, 96. Class legislation, may lead England to restrain temporary majorities, 11; masking as social reform, 43; dangers of, 74, 79, 85, 124; New York tenement law of 1884, 85; involved in graduated taxation, 165, 166. Cleveland, Grover, 149, 151, 216. Cohens _vs._ Virginia, 93. Coke, Sir Edward, 23, 105. Common law, silent as to the equal protection of the laws, 36; may be changed by the legislature, 68-69, 134-138, 155; the birthright of Americans, 98; soundness of common-law rules, 132-134. Commune consilium, antecedent of parliament, 16; power to impose taxes, 16. Communism, a conceit of Plato's, 38; failure of the experiment in Plymouth colony, 37-39; in the colony of Virginia, 38. Congress, decay through increase of executive power, 44; power to regulate interstate commerce, 61; cannot regulate internal affairs of the several states, 61; acts of, 61, 62, 68, 100, 121, 126; limitations upon, 74, 78, 81, 169-171; proposes amendments to the Constitution, 74, 89; attempts to curtail the federal courts, 88, 125; duty to enforce constitutional amendments, 110; duty to uphold the Constitution, 171-172; protection of American industries and wages, 193-197; dissatisfaction with, 205-206. Consolidated Gas Co. case, 122. Cooley, Thomas M., 90, 161-162. Constitutions, principles rooted in Magna Carta, 1; intended to endure forever, 20, 21, 203; unwise to create political body to enforce, 25; may be deprived of practical force by failure to observe constitutional restraints, 46, 75; explanation would dispel prejudice against the courts, 48; nature and purpose to declare general principles, 52; a rule of interpretation, 154-155; antiquated in the view of modern iconoclasts, 202; small vote on amendments, 208-209; should deal only with fundamentals, 224, 225. _See_ Magna Carta and Mayflower Compact. Constitution, Federal, sources of, 1, 31, 98; enforced by the courts, 25, 42 sqq., 70 sqq., 87 sqq., 109 sqq.; supremacy of, 71 sqq., 87, 111, 113; considered and ratified, 74, 88, 89; easily amended, 82-85, 89, 91-92, 175, 176, 208; necessity for deliberation in amending, 84-85, 176-177; rule for construing, 97-98; oath to support, 171-172; attempts to circumvent, 175; embodies eternal truths, 203. _See_ Constitutional limitations. Constitutional government, depends upon constitutional morality, 26; its debt to the Pilgrims, 29, 32, 35; characterized by equality before the law, 35.