The famous Neanderthal skull was brought to light in 1857 by workmen in a limestone-quarry, near Düsseldorf, in the valley of the Neander, a small tributary to the Rhine. By these workmen a cavern was opened upon the southern side of the winding ravine, about sixty feet above the stream and one hundred feet below the top of the cliff. The skull attracted much attention from its supposed possession of many apelike characteristics; indeed, it was represented by some to be a real intermediate link between man and the anthropoid apes. The accompanying cut enables one to compare the outline of the Neanderthal skull with that of a chimpanzee on the one hand and of the highly developed European on the other. The apelike peculiarities of this skull appear in its vertical depression, in the enormous thickness of the bony ridges just above the eyes, and in the gradual slope of the back part of the head, together with some other characteristics which can only be described in technical language; so that it was pronounced by the highest authorities the most apelike of human crania which had yet been discovered. Unfortunately, the jaw was not found. The capacity of the skull, however, was seventy-five cubic inches, which is far above that of the highest of the apes, being indeed equal to the average capacity of Polynesian and Hottentot skulls.[DG] Huxley well remarks that "so large a mass of brain as this would alone suggest that the pithecoid tendencies indicated by this skull did not extend deep into the organization." [Footnote DG: Huxley's Man's Place in Nature, p. 181.] [Illustration: Fig. 80.--Comparison of forms of skulls: _a_, European; _b_, the Neanderthal man; c, a chimpanzee (after Lyell).] [Illustration: Fig. 81.--Skull of the Man of Spy. (From photograph.)]