[308] Of another skull undoubtedly Hottentot, from a cave on the Transvaal and Orange Free State frontier, Dr Mies remarks that "seine Form ist orthodolichocephal wie bei den Wassandaui," although differing in some other characters (_Centralbl. f. Anthr._ 1896, p. 50). [309] From which he adds that the Hottentots "schon lange vor der Portugiesischen Umschiffung Afrika's von Kaffer-Staemmen wieder zurueckgedraengt wurden" (_Reisen_, I. p. 400). [310] Adelung und Vater, Berlin, 1812, III. p. 290. [311] Such are, going north from below Walvisch Bay, Chuntop, Kuisip, Swakop, Ugab, Huab, Uniab, Hoanib, Kaurasib, and Khomeb. [312] The returns for 1904 showed a "Hottentot" population of 85,892, but very few were pure Hottentots. The official estimate of those in which Hottentot blood was strongly marked was 56,000. [313] M. H. Tongue and E. D. Bleek, _Bushman Paintings_, 1909. Cf. W. J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters_, 1915, p. 399, with bibliography. [314] W. H. I. Bleek and L. C. Lloyd, _Bushman Folklore_, 1911. [315] See W. Planert, "Ueber die Sprache der Hottentotten und Buschmaenner," _Mitt. d. Seminars f. Oriental. Sprachen z. Berlin_, VIII. (1905), Abt. III. 104-176. [316] "In the Pygmies of the north-eastern corner of the Congo basin and amongst the Bantu tribes of the Equatorial East African coast there is a tendency to faucal gasps or explosive consonants which suggests the vanishing influence of clicks." H. H. Johnston, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLIII. 1913. [317] "The Bushmen and their Language," in _Journ. R. Asiatic Soc._ XVIII. Part 1. [318] _Ancient Hunters_, 1915, p. 425. CHAPTER V THE OCEANIC NEGROES: PAPUASIANS (PAPUANS AND MELANESIANS)--NEGRITOES-- TASMANIANS General Ethnical Relations in Oceania--The terms PAPUAN, MELANESIAN and PAPUASIAN defined--The Papuasian Domain, Past and Present-- Papuans and Melanesians--Physical Characters: Papuan, Papuo-Melanesian, Melanesian--The _New Caledonians_--Physical Characters--Food Question--General Survey of Melanesian Ethnology--Cultural Problems--Kava-drinking and Betel-chewing--Stone Monuments--The Dual People--Summary of Culture Strata--Melanesian Culture--Dress--Houses--Weapons--Canoes, etc.--Social Life--Secret Societies--Clubs--Religion--Western Papuasia--Ethnical Elements-- Region of Transition by Displacements and Crossings--Papuan and Malay Contrasts--Ethnical and Biological Divides--The Negritoes-- The _Andamanese_--Stone Age--Personal Appearance--Social Life-- Religion--Speech--Method of Counting--Grammatical Structure-- The _Semangs_--Physical Appearance--Usages--Speech--Stone Age-- The _Aetas_--Head-Hunters--_New Guinea Pygmies_--Negrito Culture-- The _Tasmanians_--Tasmanian Culture--Fire Making--Tools and Weapons--Diet--Dwellings--Extinction. CONSPECTUS.