#Papuasian#: 1. Western Papuasians (_true Papuans_): _nearly all the New Guinea natives_; _Aru and other insular groups thence westwards to Flores_; _Torres Straits and Louisiade Islands_. 2. Eastern Papuasians: _nearly all the natives of Melanesia from Bismarck Archipelago to New Caledonia, with most of Fiji, and part of New Guinea_. #Negritoes#: 1. Andamanese _Islanders_. 2. Semangs, _in the Malay Peninsula_. 3. Aetas, _surviving in most of the Philippine Islands_. 4. _Pygmies in New Guinea._ * * * * * PAPUASIANS. From the data supplied in _Ethnology_, Chap. XI. a reconstruction may be attempted of the obscure ethnical relations in Australasia on the following broad lines. 1. The two main sections of the Ulotrichous division of mankind, now separated by the intervening waters of the Indian Ocean, are fundamentally one. 2. To the Sudanese and Bantu sub-sections in Africa correspond, _mutatis mutandis_, the Papuan and Melanesian sub-sections in Oceania, the former being distinguished by great linguistic diversity, the latter by considerable linguistic uniformity, and both by a rather wide range of physical variety within certain well-marked limits. 3. In Africa the physical varieties are due mainly to Semitic and Hamitic grafts on the Negro stock; in Oceania mainly to Mongoloid (Malay) and Caucasian (Indonesian) grafts on the Papuan stock. 4. The Negrillo element in Africa has its counterpart in an analogous Negrito element in Oceania (Andamanese, Semangs, Aetas, etc.). 5. In both regions the linguistic diversity apparently presents similar features--a large number of languages differing profoundly in their grammatical structure and vocabularies, but all belonging to the same agglutinative order of speech, and also more or less to the same phonetic system. 6. In both regions the linguistic uniformity is generally confined to one or two geographical areas, Bantuland in Africa and Melanesia in Oceania. 7. In Bantuland the linguistic system shows but faint if any resemblances to any other known tongues, whereas the Melanesian group is but one branch, though the most archaic, of the vast Austronesian Family, diffused over the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Papuan languages are entirely distinct from the Melanesian. They are in some respects similar to the Australian, but their exact positions are not yet proved[319]. 8. Owing to their linguistic, geographical, and to some extent their physical and social differences, it is desirable to treat the Papuans and Melanesians as two distinct though closely related sub-groups, and to restrict the use of the terms PAPUAN and MELANESIAN accordingly, while both may be conveniently comprised under the general or collective term PAPUASIAN[320].