experimental and applied modern science.... His lively appreciation of the existing obstacles to scientific advance; the idols of the tribe, cave, market-place, and theatre.... Necessity of escaping from the scholastic methods of ‘tumbling up and down in our reasons and conceits,’ and studying the world about us. Undreamed of achievements possible if only the right method of research be followed ... the distrust of ancient authority.... Descartes (1596-1650), ... he proposed to reach the truth through analysis and clear ideas, on the assumption that God will not deceive.... His fundamental interest in mathematics.... His claim to originality and his rejection of all authority.... Obstacles to scientific advance; the universities still dominated by Aristotle; the theological faculties; the censorship of the press exercised by both church and state; ...” 4 (J. H. R.) “Phases of religious complex. ‘Religious,’ a vague and comprehensive term applied to: (1) certain classes of emotions (awe, dependence, self-distrust, aspirations, etc.); (2) Conduct, which may take the form of distinctive religious acts (ceremonies, sacrifices, prayers, ‘good works’) or the observance of what in primitive conditions are recognized as ‘taboos’; (3) Priestly, or ecclesiastical organizations; (4) Beliefs about supernatural beings and man’s relations to them: the latter may take the form of revelation and be reduced to creeds and become the subject of elaborate theological speculations.