rowing through a chop, where the rudder is apt to be pitched clear of the water, it should be unshipped and a steering oar used instead. Remember, in making a landing, that the heavier the boat is laden the longer she will keep her way. If you are being towed by a steamer, make her give you a line, instead of using your own, and belay it so it can be cast off in a hurry. Carefully avoid weighing down the bow; always use a short towline when the boat is empty and a long towline when the boat is laden. If the boat’s painter is used for a towline, have a knife ready for cutting it if it becomes necessary. Never go close under a steamer’s stern unless it is absolutely unavoidable. Officers in boarding a ship, use the starboard gangway, although they may use the port gangway. Enlisted men use the port gangway or the booms, unless otherwise ordered. _Boat salutes._—The following salutes should be exchanged between boats meeting or passing each other. No junior should pass ahead of a senior without permission. The junior should always salute first, and the senior should return the salute by touching his cap. Salutes should be exchanged whenever boats pass near enough to each other for the senior officer to be recognized, whether he be in uniform or not. Officers without a flag or pennant flying should be saluted with the hand only; those with a flag or pennant flying should, in addition, be saluted by laying on oars. When a noncommissioned officer is in a boat and meets another boat containing an officer he stands and salutes. If the boat flies a flag or pennant, the noncommissioned officer, in addition, lays on oars. Officers of the Navy and Marine Corps and foreign officers in boats should always be saluted when recognized. In laden boats, towing boats, or boats under sail the hand salute only is made on all occasions. Coxswains in charge of boats shall always rise and salute when officers enter or leave their boats. Boat keepers shall stand up and salute officers passing in boats and remain standing until the boat has come alongside or passed. APPENDIX NO. 8. SUPPLY LIST. APPARATUS.