be performed a definite number of times at regular intervals, but should not be pushed so as to cause pain or fatigue. The patient should be fitted with well-made lacing boots, with the heel and sole raised about half an inch on the medial side so that the foot rests mainly on its lateral border. The additional leather, which can be applied by any bootmaker, is in the form of a wedge, with its base to the medial side, one on the sole and one on the heel. The wedge fades away towards the lateral border, and also forwards towards the tip. In time, the limbs are further strengthened by sea-bathing, cycling, skipping, and other exercises. In _cases of the second degree_, the patient should be provided with a metal plate inside the boot. That known as Whitman's spring is the most popular. A plaster cast is taken of the sole while the foot is held in its proper position, and on this a metal plate, preferably of aluminium bronze, is modelled. This is covered with leather and inserted into the boot. We have found the supports devised by Scholl simple and efficient. The treatment described for cases of the first degree is carried out in addition. In _cases of the third degree_, the deformity is corrected under an anæsthetic. The foot is forcibly moved in all directions so as to stretch the shortened ligaments and to break down adhesions, it is then rotated into an extreme varus position, and fixed in plaster-of-Paris or to a Dupuytren's splint. It may be necessary to have recourse to the Thomas' wrench, employed in the correction of club-foot. When the reaction consequent upon this procedure has subsided, the question of shortening or of reinforcing the tendons concerned in the support of the arch of the foot may be considered; one of the peronei, for example, may be attached to the tubercle of the navicular. We have not found it necessary to employ this procedure. In _cases of the fourth degree_, in which the displacement and alterations in shape of the bones constitute an insuperable bar to correction, operative treatment may be considered, either resection of a wedge including the talo-navicular joint or forward displacement of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. #Spasmodic Flat-foot.#--There are cases of flat-foot in which pain and spasm of the peronei muscles are the predominant features. If the spasm is not allayed by rest in bed and hot fomentations, the foot should be inverted under an anæsthetic; and in this position it is encased in plaster-of-Paris. Jones resects an inch of each of the peroneal tendons about 2-1/2 inches above the tip of the lateral malleolus; Armour and Dunn claim to have obtained better results from crushing the peroneal nerve in the substance of the peroneus longus. #Paralytic Flat-foot# (Fig. 155).--In typical cases this results from poliomyelitis affecting the tibial muscles. When other groups of muscles are affected at the same time, compound deformities, such as pes calcaneo-valgus, are more likely to result.