A marriage concluded before a civil officer in the form established by the civil law of the land can only be annulled by a civil court. JUDICIAL SEPARATION.--A separation of the person and goods may be had for the following causes: 1. Adultery of the wife. 2. Adultery of the husband, if such adultery creates a public scandal or if the husband brings his concubine into the home he has established for his wife. 3. Sentence of one of the spouses to life imprisonment. 4. Cruel and abusive treatment. DIVORCE.--Under the law of Portugal as it existed down to the day when King Manuel II. was dethroned and a Republic declared there was no such thing as divorce recognized. Portugal has been for centuries a Catholic country, and the decrees of the Council of Trent, as well as all the other rules and regulations concerning marriage stated by the Catholic Church, have been accepted by Portugal as part of the law of the land. However, since December 1, 1910, when the present provisional government was constituted, certain new laws have been promulgated by government decree. One of these new laws relates to divorce and is most modern and radical in its scope. It permits the courts to grant absolute divorces for a number of reasons, including "mutual consent of the parties." Whether such laws, created by proclamation instead of legislation, will be incorporated into the inevitable new Civil Code of Portugal is a problem for the future. Our endeavour in this chapter has been to state the organic law of Portugal as it at present exists, untouched by legislation on the statute books of that ancient land. CHAPTER XX. ROUMANIA. Roumania is the name officially adopted by the united kingdom that comprises the former principalities of Walachia and Moldavia. In its native form it appears simply as "Roumania," representing the claim to Roman descent put forward by its inhabitants. The Roumanian Civil Code from which we summarize in this chapter the law of marriage and divorce of Roumania is practically a copy of the French Civil Code. MARRIAGE.--A man must be eighteen years of age and a woman fifteen in order to contract lawful marriage, except a dispensation is granted by the King. The free consent by both contracting parties is essential. Men under twenty-five years of age and women under twenty-one cannot marry without the parental consent. Men under the age of thirty and women under the age of twenty-five are obliged to ask the consent of their parents. A man or woman is allowed but one spouse at a time. CONSANGUINITY AND AFFINITY.--Marriage is forbidden between relatives, whether by blood or by marriage, in the direct line, and in the collateral line to the fourth degree, inclusive, by the Roman method of counting. The prohibition obtains whether the relationship arises from legitimate or illegitimate birth. A dispensation from such impediments may, in special cases, be granted, by the King.