[Footnote 3: BIARZ, see last chapter, note 40. William Avenel, lord of Biarz, seems meant in both cases. The Avenels were seneschals to the counts of Mortain. A.L.P. See M. de Gerville, _Mém. Ant. Norm_. iv. 157. In the Red book, 'Willus Avenel 5 mil. regi, et servitium 1 mil. de com. Mort.'] [Footnote 4: This may be read either HUBERT PAISNEL, lord of MOSTIERS--or PAISNEL, lord of MOSTIERS-HUBERT; but the latter is more likely, [no Hubert Paisnel being known, and] the Paisnels having been lords of Mostiers-Hubert, in the arrondissement of Lisieux. The scite of the castle there is still visible. _Ordericus Vitalis_ mentions William Paisnel as one of the great men who died about the same time as the conqueror. He was perhaps [brother or] father of Ralf Paisnel, Paganel, or Pagnell, sheriff of Yorkshire. A.L.P. See M. de Gerville, _Mém. Ant. Norm._ ii. 280--308; _Introd. Domesday_, i. 464. In the Red book, 'Hugo Paganellus 5 mil. et ad servitium ejus 6 mil;' and 'In ballivâ de Passeis'--'Gervasius Paganellus 1 mil. et sibi 4 mil.'] [Footnote 5: ROBERT BERTRAM the tort or crooked, lord of Briquebec near Valognes;--as to the picturesque remains of whose castle see Mr. Cotman's and Mr. Wiffen's works: in the latter is a pedigree of this illustrious family. Robert's brother William is also generally considered to have been at the conquest. A younger branch, from whom came the Mitfords, formed establishments, though not of much account, in England; it probably descended from this William; or from another William de Bertram who stands in _Domesday_ as a small holder in Hampshire; _Introd. Dom_. i. 382. In the Red book Roll, 'Robertus Bertran 5 mil. ad servitium suum 34 et dim. in Constantin.'] [Footnote 6: LE VAUDREUIL, arrondissement of Louviers.] [Footnote 7: BRETEUIL, arrondissement of Evreux.] [Footnote 8: SOULES, arrondissement of St. Lo. See M. de Gerville, _Mém. Ant. Norm_. v. 260. In the Red book, 'Willus de Sola 1 mil. ad servitium suum 2 mil. de com. Mort.'] [Footnote 9: ORVAL, near Coutances. In the Red book, 'Willmus de Aureavalle 2 mil. et dim. et ad servitium suum 6 mil. in Constantin.' See, as to this family and the next, the charters, and the genealogy (though apparently incorrect) in Dugdale's _Monasticon_, under the head of BOXGRAVE.] [Footnote 10: SAINT JEAN, near Avranches, from which came the St. Jean who married the daughter of Robert de Haiâ. See note 40 below, and the _Recherches_ of M. de Gerville. BREHAL is between Coutances and Granville, and seems to have belonged to the Paisnels; M. de Gerville, _Mém. Ant. Norm_. ii. 278.]